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-By comparing the way English is spoken in different places and within different social classes, we can see grammatical variety – variations in the form of words, phrases, and sentences (Robinson, 2019).

-The way past tenses are developed is one of the most common variations between dialects (Robinson, 2019).

-In grammar, there are no right grammar or wrong grammar.

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-Syntactic variation is seen as the  way sentences are constructed and structured. (Cheshire,2009).

-Syntactic variation can follow the same patterns as phonological variation, with the frequency of specific linguistic variants correlating with large-scale social variables. (Cheshire,2009).

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Wales is diverged by rivers and mountain ranges from England. The country is a big peninsula in western Britain (Wales profile- overview, 2017).

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This is a video showing the names of the regions in Wales country.

Kids Learning Tube. (2017, October 27). Wales Geography/Wales Country/. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/_8CyoyLPsow

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Title: Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau (Land of My Fathers).

Ingen. (2017, August 18). National Anthem of Wales: "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" (Land of My Fathers). Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/92Zq0kiHrwk

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National Anthem of Wales: "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" (Land of My Fathers)

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This video shows the beauty of Wales country.

harinarayan rajeev. (2018, May 20). Amazing Wales [4K]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/O0-JTcOEpNQ

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Population: In 2018, this country has a population of over 3,138,000 people (Summary statistics, 2020).

Nearly half of them were located in South East Wales, which accounts for just 14% of Wales' total land area (Summary statistics, 2020).

Approximately, 364,000 citizens resided in Cardiff (most populated) and 60,000 citizens resided in Merthyr Tydfil (smallest populated) (Summary statistics, 2020).

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The speaker is a female and she is 36 years old.

She was born in Barry, South Wales and she spent three years on the Isle of Wright, 10 years in Manchester and about six years in Toronto. She then ended up in Essex before returning to Toronto, where she was at the time of recording.

She works as a vocalist and her education is A levels.

Her speech is influenced with Manchester, but, otherwise, there are no influencing factors.

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In 1536, with Henry VIII's Act of Union in 1536 establishing English hegemony over Wales, the use of Welsh was effectively prohibited, and laws were passed to deprive the Welsh language of its official status which required people to speak in English in order to to find jobs and progress (Jacob, 2017).

In the eighteenth century, the entry of English Speakers into the country, which was largely due to the effects of the Industrial Revolution. This was a period of massive mass migration, and the English language rapidly flooded the workplace and the streets of Wales, swiftly becoming the standard language used by everyone (Brain, n.d.).

In the nineteenth century, English remained as the superior language as administration and business empire growth were being represented by it (Brain, n.d.).

In the twentieth century, the number of people who spoke English had risen to the point that the majority of people were bilingual (Robinson, 2019).

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New Zealand is located in the South Pacific Ocean, to the southeast of Australia. The country is divided into two main islands, the North Island and the South Island. Stewart Island is the most significant of New Zealand's smaller inhabited islands. (FREEWORLDMAPS.NET, n.d.)

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GOD DEFEND NEW ZEALAND - (with lyrics) - New Zealand National Anthem - FULL LENGTH

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WOWstockfootage. (2011, April 2)

GOD DEFEND NEW ZEALAND - (with lyrics) - New Zealand National Anthem - FULL LENGTH

Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6qmdqvItkM

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New Zealand is an island country in the southwest Pacific Ocean that consists of two major landmasses (the North Island and the South Island) as well as several smaller islands.

Population: In 2021, New Zealand's population is estimated 4,855,527 according to Worldometer.

New Zealand consists of 35 states the the most populated ones being Aukland, Wellington and Christchurch.

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-According to American Psychological Association (2014), prosody is the rhythm, tension, and intonation of utterance, conveys insight beyond the literal sense of words in a sentence. It gives information about one's mood or affective state. For example, when a speaker says "I like cat!", it can bring two meaning; the speaker likes it or hates it based on the intonation of the speaker.

-It is also used to convey semantic detail like when expressing an upward shift, speakers would naturally increase their voice pitch (Prosody in Speech, 2014).

-Mannell (2020) stated that prosody is described at the phonetic level by vocal pitch (fundamental frequency), loudness (acoustic intensity) and rhythm (phoneme and syllable duration).

-Prosody is the study of features of expression that appear above individual phonemes and, in many cases, word sequences (in prosodic phrases) (Mannell, 2020).

-Suprasegmentals are features that exist above the phoneme stage (or "segments"). The study of suprasegmental speech features is the phonetic study of prosody (Mannell, 2020).

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A VIDEO THAT SHOWS ENGLISH WORDS INFLUENCED BY THE WELSH LANGUAGE

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A VIDEO THAT SHOWS ENGLISH WORDS INFLUENCED BY THE WELSH LANGUAGE

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In this video, the speaker gave example some of the English words that come from the Welsh language. For instance, "penguin". In Welsh language, "pen" means head and "guin" spelt as "gwyn" is white.

Learn welsh Podcast. (2020, November 17). English words that come from the Welsh language. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/9pNUgmqo3fg

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English words that come from the Welsh language

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Wales map retrieved from: https://images.app.goo.gl/HQ6kjMzU9cnZbe3P6

Flag Link: https://images.app.goo.gl/JkCLiU1RJDKBNthYA

Brain, J. (n.d.). The Welsh Language. Historic UK. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofWales/Welsh-Language/

Jacob, P. (2017). A Brief History of the Welsh Language. culture trip. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/wales/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-welsh-language/

Llywodraeth Cymru Welsh Government. (2020). Summary statistics for Wales, by region: 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/statistics-and-research/2020-05/summary-statistics-regions-wales-2020-629.pdf

Robinson, J. (2019). Accents and dialects of Wales. British Library. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/accents-and-dialects-of-wales#

Wales profile- Overview. (2017,
June 15). BBC News. Retrieved May 3, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21013279

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The speaker is a 36 year old male.

He was born in Darfield, New Zealand in 1970.

He works as a salesman

The speaker has stayed in Christchurch, Toronto, Queenstown and London

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In the 10th century, Polynesian explorers first discovered a group of islands in the South Pacific, known today as New Zealand.

These explorers lived in relative isolation for many years, and their language evolved into Māori.

Captain James Cook, who arrived in 1769 and claimed New Zealand for the British Crown, was the first person to come into contact with the English language in New Zealand.

The reason for English being the most spoken language in New Zealand is due to the many settlers who migrated from Britain.

The Treaty of Waitangi is also a main factor to the increase of English speaking people in New Zealand.

The Treaty of Waitangi which was signed in 1840, established British colonial rule and allowed for more organized migration directly from the United Kingdom, which increased dramatically in the following years.

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-There are a total of 44 phonemes in the English language, which include consonants, short vowels, long vowels, diphthongs, and triphthongs. (What is phonemic variation?, n.d.)
-To differentiate between Phonetic transcriptions and Phonemic transcriptions, we must remember that phonemic transcriptions represents how people pronounce sounds while phonetic transcriptions represent how the words are actually pronounced. (What is phonemic variation?, n.d.)

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ENGLISH IN NEW ZEALAND EXPLAINED IN 6 MINUTES!

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ENGLISH IN NEW ZEALAND EXPLAINED IN 6 MINUTES!

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-Lexical meaning refers to the sense (or meaning) of a word (or lexeme) as it appears in a dictionary (Nordquist, 2019).

-Also known as semantic meaning, denotative meaning, and central meaning.

-There are five categories of lexical: noun (N), verb (V), preposition (P), adjective (A) and adverb (Adv).

-By comparing the way English is spoken in different places and within different social classes, we can see lexical diversity – variations in terms and phrases (Robinson, 2019).

-The variation of terms used in various parts of the world for 'bread roll' is an example of this (Robinson, 2019).

-For example, when someone heard the sentence:  'happen she were wearing a mask', that someone would be able to make the right guess on where the speaker is from when the use of happen in this context is to mean "maybe" or "possibly". It is an indication of lexical diversity, or variations in vocabulary (Robinson, 2019).

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The speaker pronounced the word "trap" as /trap/ instead of /træp/ because in Welsh English,  the /æ/-sound becomes a short open /a/. Thus, /trap/.

She changed the vowel /ʌ/ in the words "some" /sʌm/ and "but" /bʌt/ to /ə/. Hence, the phonemic spelling both of the words change to /səm/ and /bət/. This is because in Welsh English, the central open short /ʌ/ sound is changed to a mid central /ə/.

When she uttered the "phrase had a different idea", she said it quickly making the "a" /eɪ/ was not heard at all in the sentence.

The letter "r" in the word "stroking" /‘strəʊkɪŋ/ was dropped by the speaker making the pronunciation to be "stoking" /‘stəʊkɪŋ/.

When she said the word goose, she shortened it. So, the phonetic spelling became /gʊs/ rather than /ɡuːs/.

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The speaker pronounced the word "trap" as /trɛp/ instead of /træp/. The vowel is slightly changed and makes the sound of the letter 'e' instead of 'a'.

The word "back" was pronounced /bɛk/ instead of /bæk/.

New Zealand English generally pronounce the letter 'r' very lightly. For example: in the text the speaker pronounced "administered" as /ədˈmɪnɪstəd/.

The word "palm" was pronounced /pæm/ instead of /pɑːm/

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-The speaker used simple vocabulary. Therefore, it is easy to understand her story.

-However, when she spoke, there were certain words that were hard to understand as she spoke with a Welsh accent. For example, the word stroking.

-Next, when she pronounced the phrase "had a different idea". The audience would not here the determiner "a" here as the speaker spoke with speed.

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DETAILS ANALYSES OF NEW ZEALAND SPEAKER 

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DETAILS ANALYSES OF NEW ZEALAND SPEAKER 

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-The speaker used standard English vocabulary therefore all in all understandable.

-However, he did not try to spell his words professionally and said words in ways that he probably would of said in a casual setting thus making it a little more difficult to understand.

-Other than that, he spelt his words in an unclear way making it harder to properly know the exact word he may be saying. Listeners might have to listen to what he is saying repeatedly to properly figure it out.

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-The speaker used accurate grammar rules judging by the past tense in the sentence and Subject Verb Agreement (SVA).

-The speaker spoke clearly especially when she said the word "her" which did not make the audience hear constructions and caused confusion such as "he". Also, the speaker used the pronoun "her" as a substitute to Comma, the goose. Thus, no repetition of word happen.

-The speaker used the correct singular noun- goose.

-The structure and the order of the components in the sentences are correct and used effectively.

-Proper arrangement of syntax throughout speech.

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-The speaker used accurate grammar in his speech and used correct tenses in his speech.

-The speaker made sure that he was not using different grammar styles other than the standard English grammar.

-This makes sure that English speakers around the world can understand him despite his thick "kiwi" (New Zealand people) accent.

-Proper arrangement of syntax throughout speech.

-All of the sentences were structured well therefore making it easy to understand.

-The sentences were arranged in a way to sound like a story which makes it more interesting to listen to.

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IDEA: International Dialects of English Archive, (2007), New Zealand 8 Demographics. Retrieved from: https://www.dialectsarchive.com/new-zealand-8

globalEDGE (n.d.) New Zealand: Introduction. Retrieved on 1 May 2021 from: https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/new-zealand#:~:text=New%20Zealand%20is%20an%20island,snowcapped%20mountains%20to%20lowland%20plains.

FREEWORLDMAPS.NET (n.d.)
New Zealand map retrieved from: https://www.freeworldmaps.net/oceania/new-zealand/map.html

Paul W. (2012). Origins and Development of New Zealand English. Retrieved May 2, 2021, from
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.694.9411&rep=rep1&type=pdf

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The Audiopedia. (2018, February 17). What is GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY? What does GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY mean? GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY meaning. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/nKADb-FGa_0

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What is GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY? What does GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY mean? GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY meaning

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STRESS
--Williams argued that the lengthened time of the post-stress consonant is the most appropriate signal to stress in Welsh based on these findings (Webb, 2011).

-This indicates that all the long vowels are stressed such as the word finally /ˈfʌɪnəli/. The speaker stressed "finally" to emphasize that was the last step Sarah did.

TONE
-Most of the time, the speaker used a falling intonation because what she read was statements.

-The tone is light-hearted. The audience can hear how relax the speaker read the story.

-She read every sentence with confidence and there was no pause in between words or sentences.

TEMPO
-The speaker spoke with a just nice speed. She did not go too fast or too slow when speaking. This will allow the audience to understand and to hear every word perfectly.

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Cheshire, Jenny. (2009). Syntactic Variation and Beyond. 10.1007/978-1-349-92299-4_9.  Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251758141_Syntactic_Variation_and_Beyond

Robinson, J. (2019). Grammatical variation across the UK. British Library. Retrieved May 6, 2021 from https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/grammatical-variation-across-the-uk

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STRESS
Example:
-Comma was strong and huge, so it would take some force to trap her, but Sarah had a different idea.
-‘Kɒmə wɒz strɒŋ ænd hjuːdʒ, səʊ ɪt wʊd teɪk sʌm fɔːs tuː ‘træp hɜ:, bʌt seərə hæd eɪ ‘dɪfərənt ʌɪˈdɪə
-The New Zealand speaker put stresses in the word 'huge' in his speech.

TONE
-The speakers tone throughout the speech was mostly the same.

-The New Zealand speaker’s speech is more relaxed and spoke with a lighter tone.

-He frequently took pauses while he was thinking like 'aaa' same like how you would talk to a friend or family member.

TEMPO
-He spoke rapidly and never really slowed down to make sure what he was saying would be easier to understand by the listeners.

-He was not worried about delivering a speech that was clear nor formal.

-He possibly just wanted the speech to be over and done.

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This is a video of a complete phonemic chart.

Cambridge English Online. (2010, June 4). Phonemic Chart Animated (Complete). Retrieved from https://youtu.be/Ufdm3ufV6pg

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This is a video that explains about prosodic features in speech.

Jean Charlene Cariaga. (2021, January 30). Prosodic Features of Speech. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/N6l7wDcdtRA

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In this video, it explains about nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs.

Friya Try Islami. (2018, May 3). What are Lexical Words? Retrieved from https://youtu.be/QOrCz3g_5lA

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Alilin, G. (2013, July 2). Phonemic awareness. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/GraceAlilin/phonemic-awareness-23788943

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Successfully reported this slideshow.

College Student at Libona Feeding Mission

1. 1. Phonemic Awareness Prepared by: Mary Grace L. Alilin

2. 2. What does Phoneme means? * Phoneme - a member of the set of the smallest units of speech that serve to distinguish one utterance from another in a language or dialect

3. 3. Origin of Phoneme * The words "Phoneme" comes from the French word phonème, from Greek phōnēmat- , phōnēma which means speech sound, utterance, and from phōnein to sound

4. 4. What is Phonemic Awareness? * Children need to be taught to hear sounds in words and words are made up of the smallest parts of sounds or phonemes. * Phonemic awareness refers to the ability to hear and manipulate sounds in words. It is not phonics. It is auditory and does not involve words in print.

5. 5. * It means recognizing and using individual sounds to create sounds to create words. * It is the ability to recognize that a spoken word consists of sequence of individual sounds; manipulate individual sounds in the speech stream

6. 6. Examples of Phonemic Awareness Skills; Example: Application Blending What word am I trying to say? Mmmmmop. Segmentation- first sound isolation What is the first sound in mop? Segmentation - last sound isolation What is last sound in mop? Segmentation - complete What are all the sounds you hear in mop

7. 7. Remember * LYON: The best predictor of reading difficulty on kindergarten or first grade is the inability to segment words and syllables into constituent sound units (phonemic awarenss)

8. 8. Why is phonemic important?

9. 9. Three identified reasons 1. It requires readers to notice how letter represents sounds. 2. It gives readers a way to approach sounding out and reading new words. 3. It helps readers understand the alphabetic principle - that the letters in words are systemically represented by sounds.

10. 10. Why is Phonemic difficult? * Although there are 26 letters in the English language, there are approximately 40 phonemes, or sound units

11. 11. NOTE * The number of phonemes varies across sources. Sounds are represented in 250 different spellings (/f/ as in ph, f ). The sounds units (phonemes) are NOT inherently obvious and must be taught. The sounds that make up words are "coarcticulated", that they are not distinctly separate from each other

12. 12. Critical features of phonemic awareness

13. 13. * Phonemic awareness is critical component of reading instruction but not an entire program. * It absolutely needs to be taught, but should only be 10-15 minutes per day of your reading instruction.

14. 14. * If you focus on just few steps of phonemic awareness, but research has found that blending and segmentation are the two skills that must be taught. * Instruction must focus on BLENDING and SEGMENTING words at the phoneme, or sound level. * This is an AUDITORY TASK.

15. 15. * Phonemic awareness can be best taught and can have better results with small group of children. * In critical phonemic awareness, pupils should learn: a. Sound Isolation - Example: the first sound in SUN is /sss/ b. Blending- Example: /sss/-/uuu/-/nnn/ is SUN c. Segmenting - Example: The sounds in SUN are: /sss/ - /uuu/-/nnn/

16. 16. Critical awareness development continuum Word Recognition Rhyming Sentence Segmentation Syllable Segmentation and Blending Onset-rime blending and Segmentation Blending and Segmenting individual phonemes Phoneme deletion and manipulation EASY to More difficult

17. 18. Thanks for Listening. God Bless You Prepared by: Mary Grace L. Alilin

Recommended

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Successfully reported this slideshow. College Student at Libona Feeding Mission 1. Phonemic Awareness Prepared by: Mary Grace L. Alilin 2. What does Phoneme means? * Phoneme - a member of the set of the smallest units of speech that serve to distinguish one utterance from another in a language or dialect 3.

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Dagalea, C. R. (2018, April 20). Prosodic phonology ms ferrer. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/CarlRichardDagalea/prosodic-phonology-ms-ferrer

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Syllable structure, word stress, sentence and phrase stress, intonation

1. 1. PROSODIC PHONOLOGY BY: MS. LAURENCE F. FERRER SYLLABLE STRUCTURE WORD STRESS SENTENCE AND PHRASE STRESS INTONATION

2. 2. WHAT IS PROSODY? This refers to the study of the tune and rhythm of speech and how these features contribute to meaning. It is also consists of distinctive variations of stress, tone, and timing in spoken language.

3. 3. PROSODIC PHONOLOGY It is a theory of the way in which the flow of speech is organized into a finite set of phonological units. It is also, however, a theory of interactions between phonology and the components of the grammar.

4. 4. PROSODIC PHONOLOGY 4 PROSODIC FEATURES: 1. SYLLABLE STRUCTURE 2. WORD STRESS 3. SENTENCE AND PHRASE STRESS 4. INTONATION

5. 5. 1. SYLLABIC STRUCTURE

6. 6. WHAT IS A SYLLABLE? It is commonly known to be a speech unit that is larger than a segment. TWO TYPES OF SYLLABLE 1. OPEN SYLLABLE - usually ends in a vowel 2. CLOSED SYLLABLE - usually ends in one or more consonants For example, the English words...  go, we, are all made up of single open syllables,  eat, ball, mould, and rest are all made of single closed syllables.

7. 7. CLASSIFICATION (according to NUMBER of syllables) 1. MONOSYLLABIC - one syllable 2. DISYLLABIC - two syllables 3. POLYSYLLABLIC - two or more syllables HOW DO WE DESCRIBE SYLLABIC STRUCTURES? CANONICAL SYLLABLE STRUCTURE - It is the schema that accounts for all the syllables in language, in terms of possible consonant and vowels sequences permitted, written in terms of the generic symbols C (for consonant) and V (for vowel). a. Go - CV b. high - CV c. eat - VC d. ball - CVC

8. 8. A syllable has a TRIPARTITE STRUCTURE The syllable consists of an obligatory constituent, NUCLEUS, which is a Vowel or a syllabic consonant, and two optional constituents - ONSET and CODA, both of which are consonants. WORD SYLLABLE STRUCTURE A N GO O + N BAG O + N + C ON N + C PRODUCT O + N + C

9. 9. STRUCTURE A PRO - DUCT Syllable Syllable PR O D U CT DISYLLABI C ONSET NUCLEU S ONSET NUCLEU S CODA O + N + O + N + C This has a FLAT STRUCTURE that was first proposed by PIKE (1947). PRODUCT

10. 10. BAG STRUCTURE B BB AB GB ONSET RIME NUCLEU S CODA C V C œ gb MONOSYLLABI C SEGMENTS IPA Pike and Pike (1947) thus proposed a binary structure of the syllable as constituted by two constituents Onset and Rhyme. Rhyme in turn was seen as constituted of the Nucleus Canonical

11. 11. SITTING STRUCTURE C Syllable Syllable (sit) O + N + C O + N + C (ting) AMBISYLLABIC CONSONANT AMBISYLLABIC CONSONANT - refers to overlapping of the articulation of consonant sounds (Hocket, 1955)

12. 12. 2. WORD STRESS

13. 13. WHAT IS STRESS? It is the rhythm of a language. In pronunciation, stress can refer to words, part of a word, or even one word in a group of words that receives the most emphasis. Stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word, or to certain words in a phrase or certain. Stressed syllables are louder than non- stressed syllables, also, they are longer and have a higher pitch. It also helps us distinguish words from noun to verb.

14. 14. ACTIVITY: 1) Holiday 2) Alone 3) Admiration 4) Confidentia l 5) Degree 6) Weaker 7) Nervous 8) Parents 1) HOliday 2) aLONE 3) ADmiRAtio n 4) CONfiDENti al 5) DEgree 6) WEAKer 7) NERvous

15. 15. PROject proJECT OBject obJECT CONvict conVICT PREsent preSENT SUSpect susPECT REcord reCORD CONtrast conTRAST INsult inSULT CONflict conFLICT NOUN S VERB S

16. 16. THREE BASIC PATTERNS OF STRESS IN SYLLABLES: MONOSYLLABIC BYSYLLABIC MULTISYLLABIC

17. 17. FOUR GENERAL RULES ABOUT WORDS STRESS 1. STRESS THE FIRST SYLLABLE OF: Most two-syllable nouns: CLImate, KNOWledge Most two-syllable adjectives: FLIPpant, SPAcious 2. STRESS THE LAST SYLLABLE OF: Most two-syllable verbs: reQUIRE, deCIDE

18. 18. FOUR GENERAL RULES ABOUT WORDS STRESS 3. STRESS THE SECOND-TO-LAST SYLLABLE OF: Words that end in -ic: ecSTATic, geoGRAPHic Words ending in -sion, -tion: exTENsion, retriBUtion 4. STRESS THE THIRD-FROM-LAST SYLLABLE OF: Words that end in -cy, -ty, -phy and -gy : deMOCracy, unCERtainty, geOGraphy,

19. 19. 3. SENTENCE AND PHRASE STRESS

20. 20. WHAT IS SENTENCE AND PHRASE STRESS? Sentence stress is the music of spoken English. Sentence stress is what gives English its rhythm or "beat". When words are combined into phrases and sentences, one syllable receives more stress than the others.

21. 21. Phrasal stress can distinguish a compound noun from an adjective + noun combination. COMPOUND NOUN ADJECTIVE + NOUN Hotdog (a type of food) Hot dog (an overheated dog) Redcoat (a British soldier) Red coat (a coat that is red)

22. 22. MOST SENTENCES HAVE TWO BASIC TYPES OF WORD: 1. CONTENT WORDS Content words are the key words of a sentence. They are the important words that carry the meaning or sense-the real content. 2. STRUCTURE WORDS They are small, simple words that make the sentence correct grammatically. They give the sentence its correct form-its structure.

23. 23. BASIC RULES OF SENTENCE AND PHRASE STRESS 1. Content words are stressed. 2. Structure words are unstressed. 3. The time between stressed words is always the same.

24. 24. SELL CAR GO FRANCE SELL my CAR I'll GO to FRANC E CONTENT WORDS SELL my CAR I'll GO to FRANC E STRUCTURE WORDS WILL YOU SELL MY CAR BECAUSE I'LL GO TO FRANCE.

25. 25. CONTENT WORDS - STRESSED WORDS CARRYING THE MEANING EXAMPLE MAIN VERBS Sell, Give, Employ NOUNS Car, Music, Mary ADJECTIVES Red, Big, Interesting ADVERBS Quickly, Loudly, Never NEGATIVE AUXILLARIES Don't, Aren't, Can't

26. 26. CONTENT WORDS - UNSTRESSED WORDS for CORRECT GRAMMAR EXAMPLE PRONOUNS He, We, They PREPOSITIONS On, At, Into ARTICLES A, An, The CONJUNCTIONS And, But, Because AUXILLARY VERBS Do, Be, Have, Can, Must

27. 27. LET'S TRY! I am a proFESsional phoTOgrapher whose MAIN Intrest is to TAKE SPEcial, BLACK and WHITE PHOtographs that exHIBit Abstract MEANings in their photoGRAPHic STRUCture.

28. 28. 4. INTONATION

29. 29. ACTIVITY: SAY "HELLO" TO... A friend you meet regularly A friend you haven't seen for a long time A neighbour you don't like A 6 month old baby Someone doing what he shoudn't To know if someone is litening The same but on the phone

30. 30. WHAT IS INTONATION? In phonetics, the melodic pattern of an utterance. Intonation helps to recognize the language that you hear in the same way as the melody of a song helps you recognize the song that you are listening. It also conveys differences of expressive meaning (e.g., surprise, anger, happiness). According to David Crystal, intonation is not a single system of contours and levels, but the product of the interaction of features from

31. 31. TWO TYPES OF INTONATION "Your name is John?" (rising intonation) it can express a number of various emotions, such as non-finality, surprise, doubt, interest, politeness, lack of confidence "Your name is John." (falling intonation) Used for asking and giving information in normal, quiet, unemphatic style. Other main types of intonation include: High fall, low fall, fall-rise, high rise, midlevel rise, low rise

32. 32. KEY COMPONENTS OF INTONATION PITCH - degree of height of our voice in speech SENTENCE STRESS - makes the utterance understandable to the listener by making the important words in the sentence stressed, clear, and higher in pitch, and by the shortening and obscuring the unstressed words. RHYTHM - sense of movement in speech, marked by stress, timing, quantity of syllables

33. 33. FUNCTION OF INTONATION Attitudinal Functions Accentual Functions Grammatical Functions Discourse Function

34. 34. ATTITUDINAL FUNCTIONS Allows us to express emotions such as confidence, interest, doubt, joy, pain, irony. ACCENTUAL FUNCTIONS Implies the placement of stress is determined by intonation. GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS The listener is better able to recognize the grammar and syntax structure of what is being said by using information contained in the intonation such as: A. The placement of boundaries between phrases, clauses and sentences. B. The difference between questions and statements.

35. 35. DISCOURSE INTONATION It can indicate when the speaker is indicating some sort of contrast or link with material in another tone unit. In conversation it can convey to the listener what kind of response is being expected from him.

36. 36. 7 CASES WHERE INTONATION MATTERS 1.Asking questions 2.Making statements 3.Listing things 4.Expressing feelings 5.Stressing the importance of something 6.Contrasting between things 7.Using tag questions

37. 37. REFERENC ES:www.toeflogoanywhere.org www.slideshare.net www.englishclub.com www.britannica.com www.fluentu.com www.PHONOLOGY/07-Guangzhou-2017 www.ProsodicPhonology.mini.pdf www.HandbookDevLing_prosody.pdf www.phon.ox.ac.uk www.learning-english-online.net www.scholar.google.com.ph

38. 38. Thank You!

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Syllable structure, word stress, sentence and phrase stress, intonation 1. PROSODIC PHONOLOGY BY: MS. LAURENCE F. FERRER SYLLABLE STRUCTURE WORD STRESS SENTENCE AND PHRASE STRESS INTONATION 2. WHAT IS PROSODY? This refers to the study of the tune and rhythm of speech and how these features contribute to meaning.

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Mannell, R. (2020). Introduction to prosody theories and models. Retrieved from Macquarie University website: https://www.mq.edu.au/about/about-the-university/faculties-and-departments/medicine-and-health-sciences/departments-and-centres/department-of-linguistics/our-research/phonetics-and-phonology/speech/phonetics-and-phonology/intonation-prosody

American Psychological Association. (2014). Prosody in Speech and Song. Retrieved May 4, 2021, from https://www.apa.org/pubs/highlights/peeps/issue-29#

Webb, K. (2011). The Realisation of Stress in Welsh English. Retrieved May 4, 2021, from https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2011/OnlineProceedings/RegularSession/Webb/Webb.pdf

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What is phonemic variation? (n.d.). Retrieved May 1, 2021, from https://findanyanswer.com/what-is-phonemic-variation

Ritter, C. & Schorn, T. (2004). Linguistic Features Of Welsh English. Retrieved May 5, 2021, from https://www.grin.com/document/52581

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M. F. (2014, August 31). Lexical variation. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/fabbiemejiamalthoz/lexical-variation

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1. 1. LEXICAL VARIATION LINGUISTIC

2. 2. LEXICAL VARIATION * A lexical variation is to use a linguistic element instead of other without making changes in the meaning of words or phrases. Example: Perhaps - Maybe Complete the chart with the possible lexical variations of the following words Milkshake Rubbish Freeway Autumn Stone Biscuit Cooker Engine Trousers Vacation Post French Fries

3. 3. All languages change over time and vary according to the place and social setting. Time Three main aspects of language change over time: vocabulary, sentence structure and pronunciations. Vocabulary can change quickly as new words are borrowed from other languages, or as words get combined or shortened. Some words are even created by mistake. As noted in the Linguistic Society of America's publication Is English Changing?, pea is one such example. Up until about 400 years ago, pease referred to either a single pea or many peas. At some point, people mistakenly assumed that the word pease was the plural form of pea, and a new word was born.

4. 4. * English is spoken in different places and among different social groups. One of the most common differences between dialects is the way in which past tenses are formed. * Most English verbs have a simple past tense that is unmarked for person, such as played, went, saw, did. In other words we simply say I played, you played, he/she/it played, we played and they played and make no adjustment to the ending of the verb. This contrasts quite markedly with the way past tenses are expressed in many other European languages. The verb 'to be' on the other hand has two simple past forms in Standard English - I/he/she/it was and you/we/they were.Apart from the special case of you, the distinction is, therefore, between singular was and plural were. * In some regional dialects, however, this pattern is not observed. In some parts of the country, speakers use was throughout, while speakers elsewhere use were exclusively. There are also dialects where the two different forms are used for the opposite function - singular were and plural was.

5. 5. * Variation in lexis may be systematically used by speakers to index their affiliation with particular social groups. Recently, work has shown that this is also true for sign languages. This variation may function as an index of social variables such as region, gender, ethnicity, and social class, or social factors that are distinctive to sign language communities, such as the language policy of the school attended during childhood or the language background of the signer's family. It may also be indicative of a language change in progress. * "A linguistic change can be said to have taken place when a new linguistic form, used by some sub-group within a speech community, is adopted by other members of that community and accepted as the norm." Jennifer Coates

6. 6. QUESTIONNAIRE 1.Which are the three main aspects of language that change over time? 2.According to Jennifer Coates, when can a change take place? 3.Which are the three main aspects that affect language? 4.What is a lexical variation? 5.Mention 5 places where English is spoken 6.Which is the singular form of pea?

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Published on 1. LEXICAL VARIATION LINGUISTIC 2. LEXICAL VARIATION * A lexical variation is to use a linguistic element instead of other without making changes in the meaning of words or phrases. Example: Perhaps - Maybe Complete the chart with the possible lexical variations of the following words Milkshake Rubbish Freeway Autumn Stone Biscuit Cooker Engine Trousers Vacation Post French Fries 3.

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Nordquist, R. (2019). Lexical Meaning (Words). Retrieved May 7, 2021, from https://www.thoughtco.com/lexical-meaning-words-1691048

Robinson, J. (2019). Lexical variation across the UK. British Library. Retrieved May 5, 2021, from https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/lexical-variation-across-the-uk

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