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Refer to the use of natural vegetation to reduce the risk of mass movements.

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Both Granite & Volcanic Rocks are seriously weathered . 

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Both Granite & Volcanic Rocks are seriously weathered . 

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However , granite rocks tend to be weathered more deeply than volcanic rocks as volcanic rocks are more resilient and less prone to slope failure

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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS :
GENERALLY FROM LOWLANDS

GRANITES & VOLCANIC ROCKS :
SITUATED ON HIGHER GROUND AND PRONE TO FAILURE

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The geology of Hong Kong is constructed mainly from 3 rock types 

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The geology of Hong Kong is constructed mainly from 3 rock types 

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- Sedimentary rocks
- The Granites
- Volcanic Rocks

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• Upper slope are steeper than 30°.
• Most of the population is concentrated along the less steep urban area on both sides of Victoria Harbor. With urban development, landslides are triggered by excavation and building works.

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• Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated urban areas worldwide, with a population of 7 million people (2015).
• Consists of the main island of Hong Kong, the peninsula of Kowloon, The New Territories and more than 230 islands with natural steep terrain and hills.

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• Some geographers believed that vegetation increased the problem. The trees held back many of the smaller landslides and allow larger landslides, washouts, to occur.
• Other forms of landslides included debris avalanches and rockslides.

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The slope is usually protected from infiltration and erosive effects of water by impermeable hard covers.

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The slope is usually protected from infiltration and erosive effects of water by impermeable hard covers.

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The risk from landslides, therefore, increases and the damages from a potential slide become greater

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one of main methods of slope stabilisation used in Hong Kong.

contain drains to intercept.

direct water away from slopes.

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However, as a result of continued population growth, developers increasingly build further up the slopes.

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The risk from landslides has been reduced by 50 per cent since 1977.

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The government intervention in Hong Kong has had successful results.

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If a slope owner does not comply with the regulation, prosecution will lead to a HK$50000 fine, and to imprisonment for up to one year.

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—> June 11 and 12, over 400mil fell
—> By 15 June, the area recieved 1650mil of rainfall
—> Over 700 landslides were recorded.

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Unfortunately , due to confusion over the responsibility , many drain are not properly maintained .

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Unfortunately , due to confusion over the responsibility , many drain are not properly maintained .

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One of Hong Kong's government interventions is to ensure that the private owners of slopes take responsibility for slope safety.

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very vulnerable to blockage .

without proper drain maintenance , landslides are more common than on slopes without drains .

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The GEO is continuously updating, maintaining and disclosing the Catalogue of Slopes, which contains information of some 57000 sizeable man-made slopes in Hong Kong

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—> In 1966, rainstorms triggered a massive landslides that killed 64 people. Over 2500 people were homeless and a further 8000 were evacuated.
—> High rainfall for the first ten days in june
—> 300mil had fallen, compared with 130mil in a normal year.

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It is constructed by mixing polyester fibre into sandy soils. One of the advantage of using this technique is the fibre strengthens soil particles to prevent erosion.

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Between 1947 and 1997, more than 470 people died as a result of landslides.

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-Surface draining systems.
-Protective covers.

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it is a fast and cost-effective system to cover man-made slopes. One of the advantages of using this technique is it has low maintenance.

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it provides a protective cover that makes it possible for natural vegetation to grow on the slope. One of the advantages of using this technique is it has higher adhesive capacity on steep slopes.

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The GEO maintains its slope safety through investigating and researching the causes of significant and serious landslides to improve the Slope Safety Systems

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Hong Kong has a long history of landslides largely due to a combination of high rainfall (the wet season is from may to september), steep slopes and dense human developments on the islands.

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- contributing to slope failure in Hong Kong.
- vital to remove excess water from slopes.

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The GEO has a staff establishment of over 700 for its wide range of activities

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The Slope Safety System is managed by the Geotechnical Engineering Office (GEO) of the Civil Engineering Development Department (CEDD),

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The Hong Kong government has a responsibility to manage landslides