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Makes no attempt to group delinquency in a wider framework or structural location of economic and social circumstances that drive male working class youths into greater levels of delinquency.

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Matza suggest that youth is a period in 'no mans land', not yet adult, but no longer a child. Youths feel they lack control over their lives and long to gain some power over their destiny. The period of drift loosens the adolescent from the constraining bonds of society so they are more susectible to suggestions of deviance by the peer group. This may due to preparation as they may ned to be pushed over the dividing line between deviancy and conforminty. In an effort to show they have control over their lives, they may commit a delinquent act. The youth is now however, not committted to a delinquent way of life and he or she tends to drift in and out of crime.

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Differs form other subcultural theories by claiming that we all hold 2 levels of values:
1. Respectable and conventional ones
2. Underlying subterranean values
Most of us can control these deviant desires, but when they emerge we use techniques of neutralisation to justify our deviant actions:
Denial of responsibilty- Propose that their actions were due to being forced into a situation beyond their control
Denial of victim- Offender believes the victim was deserving
Denial of injury- Insists their actions caused no harm
Comdemnation of the Condemner: Maintain that those who comdemn them, do so out of spite
Appeal to higher loyalties- Suggests their crime was for the greater good

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Messner and Rosenfeld argue an emphasis on individual money success exerts pressure towards crime by encouraging an anomic cultural environment in which people are influence to adopt an 'anything goes' menatlity in pursuit of wealth.

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Fate: Things happen that is beyond your control
Excitement: Importance of searching for thrills
Autonomy: Resentmenf Authority
Smartness: One should look good and be street wise
Toughness: Pyshical strength
Trouble: Getting in and staying out

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Argued that another opportunity structure exists, the illegitimate opportunity structure and argue that some members of the working class have easier acces to succeeding via illegal means. They also argue that 3 different subcultures exist:
1. The Criminal Subculture- emerge in areas where there is an established pattern of organised crime
2. The Conflict Subculture- Develop in areas where people have little opportunity for access to illegitimate structures
3. The Retreatist Subculture- Lower class adolescents who have failed as criminals or gang members
Eval: Taylor, Walton and Young- The theory is not convincing enought to fit eveytype of subculture

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Some may be unable to reach society's goals, as a result they experience status frustration. In response they reject maintsream values and replace them with their own achievable goals. The boys will seek a subculture that has similar values to their own, therefore Coehn would argue it is best to study crime and deviances as a collective response.

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It provides theoretical reason to explain why people conform or deviate.
Valier believes the theory places too much emphasis on the fact that people share similar ends. Evidence has shown memebers of society can have a number of goals at any one time.

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Strain occurs when socially accepted goals cannot be met through socially accepted means,
If the majority cannot achieve their goals, they seek out other ways creating anomie.
All societies set a goal that it asks its members to achieve which is affected by structural facts and cultural facts.
Merton recognised that not everyone sets off from the same starting point, as society isn't balanced its impossible for a true value consensus to be achieved. He argued that deviance only occurred when members could not reach their aspired goal through legitimate means. There are 5 ways in which society could respond to this strain on anomie:
1. Conformity- Members conform and try to achieve success through normal ways
2. Innovation- people who feel they cannot achieve through normal means try new ways of making money
3. Ritualism- people who feel like they can't achieve throughout normal means, but also cannot turn to innovation might lower their goals and aspirations
4. Retreatism- people who cannot possibly earn success may retreat from society
5. Rebellion- people who cannot succeed but don't want to admit defeat may rebel and create their own society

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Society is controlled by shared social values. The stronger the bonds, the less likely they are to commit crime. When social bonds break down, people's attachement to society is weakened.
Attatchement: The extent to which we acre about others opinions
Commitment: Personal investment into our lives
Involvement: How intergated one is into the fabric of society
Belief: How committed an individual is to upholding society's rules and laws
Centered upon the concept of anomie and has paraellels with Durkheim and Merotn.

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Does not explain why certain people are more likely to commit crime than others. He is more interested in the nature of the relationship between deviance and order in soicety. He stressed harmony and the belief that the law reflects the interests and views of the majority. Ignores the concept of power.

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If crime and deviance perform positive functions then society is organised to promote deviance. The true function of social control institutions may be to maintain a level of crime.

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Defines deviance as a warning sign that an institution is not functioning properly e.g. high truancy rates

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Pornography safely channels a variety of sexual desire away from alternatives such as adultery

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Durkheim was concerned with two factors when looking at social order:
1. How stability is created
2. How collective will is maintained
Durkheim argued that a limited amount of crime is necessary and beneficial to society, so much so that society could not exist without some form of it. But too much crime is dysfunctional and could lead to societies collapse.
Durkheim acknowleged that not everyone follwos the collective conscience as people are naturally self-seeking, what stops everyone from doing this are the institutions that work to reaffirm values and ensure social cohesion.
Durkheim did acknowledge that during times of great social strain or dramatic change, the collective conscience can weaken.
Crime is inevitable because not everyone will buy into the collective sentiments of sicety, and crime fulfils two important functions:
Adaptation and Change- Crime acts as a safety valve providing a relatively harmless way for people to express their discontent. Davis argues that prostituion allows individuals to relieve stress in a discrete way without harming the family.
Boundary Maintenance- Crime served the function of acting as a warning device, as it inidcates an area of society is malfunctioning.
Crime isnt genetically reprodcued, but is natural.