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Other factors—psychological, interpersonal, and social—can play a role in eating disorders. Psychological factors that can contribute to eating disorders include low self-esteem, feelings of inadequacy or lack of control in life, depression, anxiety, anger, or loneliness.

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Eating disorders frequently occur together with other psychiatric illness such as depression, substance abuse, or anxiety disorders. In addition, people who suffer from eating disorders can experience a wide range of physical health complications, including serious heart conditions and kidney failure, which may lead to death.

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binge-eating disorder, is characterized by frequent episodes of out-of-control eating. A cycle develops where feelings of shame and disgust caused by obesity, which is brought on by overeating, lead to bingeing again. Community surveys have estimated that 1.6 percent of females and 0.8 percent of males experience binge-eating disorder in a twelve-month period.

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Bulimia nervosa is binge eating followed by purging (vomiting). An estimated 1 to 1.5 percent of females have bulimia nervosa in a twelve-month period.

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With anorexia nervosa, individuals starve themselves to be thin, experiencing extreme weight loss. An estimated 0.4 percent of females suffer from anorexia nervosa in a twelve-month period.

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Eating disorders are not due to a failure of will or behavior; rather, they are real, treatable medical illnesses in which certain maladaptive patterns of eating take on a life of their own.

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Eating disorders frequently develop during adolescence or early adulthood, but some reports indicate their onset can occur during childhood or later in adulthood.

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Eating disorders happen as a result of severe disturbances in eating behavior, such as unhealthy reduction of food intake or extreme overeating. These patterns can be caused by feelings of distress or concern about body shape or weight, and they harm normal body composition and function.

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Source E ("Eating Disorders Psychology")

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Source E ("Eating Disorders Psychology")

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“Eating Disorders.” Psychology Today, Sussex Publishers, LLC, 16 Jan. 2017, www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/eating-disorders. Accessed 21 Mar. 2017.

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About half of anorexia patients have comorbid anxiety disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder and social phobia

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Approximately half of the risk for BED is genetic.12

Nearly half of BED patients have a comorbid mood disorder.12

More than half of BED patients have comorbid anxiety disorders.12

Nearly 1 in 10 BED patients have a comorbid substance abuse disorder, usually alcohol use.

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Nearly half of bulimia patients have a comorbid mood disorder.12

More than half of bulimia patients have comorbid anxiety disorders.12

Nearly 1 in 10 bulimia patients have a comorbid substance abuse disorder, usually alcohol use.

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33-50% of anorexia patients have a comorbid mood disorder, such as depression. Mood disorders are more common in the binge/purge subtype than in the restrictive subtype

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50-80% of the risk for anorexia and bulimia is genetic.

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Eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of any mental illness.

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At least 30 million people of all ages and genders suffer from an eating disorder in the U.S

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“Eating Disorder Statistics • National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders.” National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, www.anad.org/get-information/about-eating-disorders/eating-disorders-statistics/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2017.

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The self-induced vomiting that often follows eating binges can cause all sorts of physical problems, such as damage to the stomach and esophagus, chronic heartburn, burst blood vessels in the eyes, throat irritation, and erosion of tooth enamel from the acid in vomit.

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Bulimia is much more difficult to detect because people who have it tend to be of normal weight or overweight, and they hide their habit of binge eating followed by purging, vomiting, or using laxatives.

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This self-imposed starvation takes a heavy toll on the body. Skin becomes dry and flaky. Muscles begin to waste away. Bones stop growing and may become brittle. The heart weakens. With no body fat for insulation, it's hard to keep warm.

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People with anorexia may starve themselves into extreme thinness; in prolonged and untreated cases, individuals may take on a sallow-skinned and almost skeleton-like look. However, their self-images are so distorted that they see themselves as fat even when they are emaciated.

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If we do not begin widespread, well-researched, effective eating disorder prevention programs to foster healthy eating habits in youth, the costs to our society and to our health care system will be devastating. As many as 5-10% of people with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa will die prematurely

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Successful curricula include not only information about nutritional content but also information about responding to hunger and satiety, positive body image development, positive self-esteem development, and learning life skills, such as stress management, communication skills, problem-solving and decision-making skills.

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Health insurance companies contribute to the high death rate by either denying care or limiting the number of days they will reimburse for treatment. Research shows that eating disorders can be successfully overcome with adequate and appropriate treatment

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They are commonly associated with substantial psychological problems, including depression, substance abuse, and all too frequently with suicide. They also can lead to major medical complications, including cardiac arrhythmia, cognitive impairment, osteoporosis, infertility, and most seriously death.

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Eating disorders are a growing public health threat with an estimated 8 million Americans suffering from eating disorders. Eating disorders cut across race, color, gender and socioeconomic categories. No one is immune. Eating disorders wreak havoc on a person's psyche and body.

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Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions. "Eating Disorders Are a Growing Threat to Public Health." Eating Disorders, edited by Roman Espejo, Greenhaven Press, 2012. Opposing Viewpoints. Opposing Viewpoints in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ3010128234/OVIC?u=pl2020&xid=ed5557c2. Accessed 12 Mar. 2017. Originally published as "Promoting Healthy Eating Behaviors in Youth Act of 2002 as Part of a Women's Omnibus Health Bill," 2002.

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The related condition, anorexic bulimia, literally means being “hungry as an ox.” People with this problem go on eating binges, often gorging on junk foods. Then they force their bodies to get rid of the food, either by making themselves vomit or by taking large amounts of laxatives.

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The word anorexia comes from the Greek word meaning “lack of appetite.” But the problem for people with anorexia is not that they are not hungry. They starve themselves out of fear of gaining weight, even when they are severely underweight.

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Ross-Flanigan, Nancy. "Eating disorders." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, 5th ed., Gale, 2014. Science in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2644030743/SCIC?u=pl2020&xid=eaa25e86. Accessed 12 Mar. 2017.

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Eating disorders are physically and emotionally damaging. Among the physical consequences of anorexia and bulimia are malnutrition, dehydration, digestive problems, and tooth and gum decay. People with anorexia may also risk heart disease and hormonal changes that can cause bone loss, retarded growth, and the absence of menstruation.

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Popular culture plays a large role in the harmful eating habits of children and adults. People tend to compare themselves to thin actors and models on television and in other forms of media. Magazines for female readers contain numerous articles about weight loss, as well as advertisements promoting special diet foods and pills. Peers and even family members may send the message that fat is ugly and thin is beautiful.

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According to a study by the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, the majority of these illnesses begin by the age of twenty. Obesity, the condition of having an abnormally high proportion of body fat, is an equally serious problem in the United States. According to the American Obesity Association (AOA), this growing epidemic threatens the health of approximately 60 million Americans—nearly one-third of the adult population.

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In 2007 McLean Hospital in Massachusetts published the first national survey of individuals with eating disorders. It found that, overall, 4.5 percent of adults, or over 9 million people, have struggled with eating disorders such as anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating at some point in their lives.

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Eating disorders may be caused by psychological factors, such as depression; interpersonal factors, such as a troubled family life; and social factors, such as a cultural emphasis on physical appearance.

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"Eating Disorders." Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection, Gale, 2014. Opposing Viewpoints in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/PC3021900056/OVIC?u=pl2020&xid=e9982bd2. Accessed 10 Mar. 2017.