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Week 35: Finnish nature from ice age to modern time / Everymans rights.
"Tree species": Name in English and Latin, Where it grows (Area/region/soil)? Facts (height, diameter, age)? Utilization of wood?

Week 36: forest herbs / site types

Week 37: regeneration / rotation

Week 38: stand / thinning / basic measurements

Week 39: forests in national and global economy, forest skills competition

Week 40: peatlands

Week 41: logging/feedback

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My feedback to our excursions!

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Soil: sandy, sandy loam
Height: 35-40 metres
Circumference of the trunk: 0.5-1.2 metres
Life expectancy: 200 years
Distribution: most regions of the Northern Hemisphere
Usage of the trees: paper pulp industry; production of rosin, turpentine; buds contain essential oils, resins, starch, tannic and bitter substances; pine needles contain a lot of carotene and vitamin C (in farmacy); furniture production, structure of ships and wagons, port facilities, dams and piers; forest exploitation; landscaping parks, OSB, pallets, MDF

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Soil: sandy, loamy, depleted lands
Height: 45 metres
Circumference of the trunk: 1.5 metres
Life expectancy: 100-300 years
Distribution: the Northern Hemisphere
Usage of the trees: Birch is a popular species not only in forestry but

also in urban environment improving the landscape as well as the biological diversity. Paper industry.  In Finland birch is traditionally prefered as firewood.

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You are walking through the forest and see the fresh big berries looking at you. Pick or not to pick – that`s the question.

Welcome the freedom to roam which you can experience in Finland: everyman`s right let you do (or don’t) access forest territory and use the nature`s gifts. So, how we can

enjoy Finland?

First things first, we need to respect nature and only after it «use» it. Overall, you can

do whatever you want till it does not damage somebody`s hou

ses, forests or other

people. Biking and hiking is allowed except very near people`s home! Of course, you must not disturb any of the creature you meet in your pathway. It means no tickling of  bird`s tummies! Also, it let us camp in the forest and now I started to think why I still didn’t use this opportunity? So, I had an impression that everything is allowed until it is not prohibited. Quite logical and very people - friendly rules.

To whom these rules are applicable? To anyone living or staying in Finland,

so, yes, me as well. I remember my first August day in the forest when I saw a great many of berries and was quite concerned whether I can take it or not. One Finnish woman came to me and said something in Finnish, which I couldn`t understand. She repeated in English: «just enjoy». Since then I started to love Finnish nature more deeply for the taste of freedom.

What else I would like to add is that Finnish everyman`s rights are much more wide than other countries. Let`s compare with Switzerland, for instance. They say that access is open till there is no excessive usage. Also one needs to look carefully for the prohibited signs which can be hided anywhere. Additionally, I have never heard of

Russian everyman`s right, so, personally for me, it is shocking. But quite pleasant that in the country I currently live I can enjoy nature without any consequences.

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In terms of botanical geography, most of Finland belongs to the northern coniferous forest belt. Only the Åland Islands and the south-western part of mainland Finland belong to the mixed forests of the temperate belt.
In the northern coniferous forest belt, the soil is oligotrophic and acidic, and only a few species of tree make up the forests.

In Finland, there are about thirty tree species

Book: Finnish Foresty

According to the most recent National Forest Inventory (NFI11), there are 4.7 million hectares of peatlands drained for forestry, as compared to the 4.1 million hectares that remain undrained overall. About 80% of the soil carbon is stored in the peat of pristine and drained peatlands. Globally peatlands span 3% of the land area while containing 33% of the soil carbon

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Difference between eutrophic and oligotrophic

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Difference between eutrophic and oligotrophic

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Water in the eutrophic lakes is troubled, the vegetation is flourishing and there exist many plant species. The eutrophic lakes are common in Southern Finland, but rare in the north.

There are a little nutrients in the water of oligotrophic lakes, and the water is often very clear.

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It`s amazing to look at the nature not only from the point of view of feelings but also using scintific approach.
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I didn`t pay attention to howmany tree species I see around me in the forest. It was just "a lot of trees", but now at least I understand that it is possible to determine which trees grow where.
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it affects forest growth through temperature conditions, and the availability of soil water, and the nutritient status of soil.
By the type of the soil (dry/wet) we can determine what kind of vegetation can grow on the land. The dryness of soil depends on how deep the groundwater level is located.
Foresty lands are:
- forest land 66% of total land area, at least 1m3/ha over 100 years
- scrub land 10% of total land area, less 1m3/ha over 100 years
- waste land 10 of total land area, less than 0.1m3/ha
- other forestry land 0.5% of total land area, storage points, gravel pits, peat excavation sites.

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• Every plant has its own preference of fertility

• That is why particular species will be indicators for soil properties

• Indicator species can be among the most sensitive species in a region, and sometimes act as an early warning to monitoring biologists

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By the quantity of branches we can estimate the age of the pine.

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1 ha of plain land = 1000 euro
1 ha of timber = 1000-10 000 euro (with volume of 50-450 m3/ha)

energy wood prices:
stumpage price: 0-10 euro/m3
deliver price: 20-30 euro/m3

pulp prices:
s. 10-15 euro/m3
d. 25-30 euro/m3

saw logs prices:
s. 50-60 euro/m3
d. 50-60 euro/m3

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Even though in English language deadwood is something that you dont need, in real life thats not the case. deadwood is extremly importan and needed for keeping the balance of water, co2, nutritions etc.

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Tree counted with relascope=basal area
V=h*BA/2

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- finns can own the forest. some of them use it just for recreation, some -as a family business.
- not only person can have it but also local communities, municipalities.

There are 685,000 owners of private

forests

Privately-owned forests include forests owned by 1) a private person alone or with his/her spouse, 2) a real property partnership, and 3) a member of an undistributed estate of a deceased person.

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Now I know that every pile of such wood is marked with colour by location where it is needed to be sent.

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Mesurements are done with different equipment.
- this one if to measure height

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Wood measuring methods used in Finland 2015 by Timo Melkas

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Wood measuring methods used in Finland 2015 by Timo Melkas

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The used volumes (m3 sob) in statistics are the next:
‒ Standing sales 36.2 million m3

‒Delivery sales 6.3 million m3

‒Together42.5 million m3

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The area of peatland forest reaching maturity is continually on the rise. Present-day regeneration methods typically employed on mineral soils have likewise been applied on peatlands.

- it is important to investigate how to select the regeneration method in accordance with peatland sites representing different levels of fertility. In addition to regeneration success, the cost-effectiveness of the chosen measure is an essential factor.
- the break-event point of regeneration investments must on the whole be explored in greater depth than at present. Furthermore, afforestation and management guidelines specifically for cut-away peatlands released from peat production as well as peatland fields are necessary.

- active forest regeneration results in rapid reinstratements of full yield on the felled site

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The table shows how many meters can be cut. You can set up it automatically.

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In Finland peatlands are classified on the basis of their degree of tree cover and their other vegetation into seven main categories (Kaakinen et al. 2008, Laine et al. 2012):

Spruce mires are wooded peatlands

where the dominant tree species is

usually Norway spruce, though decid-

uous trees may also grow abundantly in spruce mires that are richer in nutrients.

The presence of living and dead trees of different sizes and ages is an important structural feature for the species-diver-sity of spruce mires.

In nutrient-rich spruce mires the

vegetation in the field layer is species-rich and dominated by grasses and herbaceous plants. In nutrient-poor spruce mires vascular plant species assemblages are quite limited and dominated by dwarf shrubs associated

with forest habitats. The ground layer is dominated by sphagnum mosses,

though in more nutrient-rich sites other

bryophytes may also be common.

Spruce-birch fens and rich spruce-

birch fens have low hummocks where

small, stunted trees grow. The dominant

tree species is usually white birch, or in rich sites Norway spruce. Birches may also grow on lawns, and hummocks may

be quite indistinct. Species associated

with swamps may grow alongside fen and rich fen species in the lawn level. is usually considerably more

extensive than hummocks.

In pine mires and bogs hummocks

dominate the microtopography of the surface. Such ecosystems are mainly

nutrient-poor and usually have deep

peat layers. The dominant tree species is Scots pine, though Norway spruce also thrives in higher sites. The donant species in the field layer are dwarf shrubs. Sedges and herbaceous plants tend to be scarce, though the herb Rubus chamaemorus may be abundant and in certain types of pine mire Eriophorum vaginatum and Carex globularis are also abundant. The ground layer is largely

composed of sphagnum mosses.

Handy guidlance to peatland https://julkaisut.metsa.fi/assets/pdf/lp/Muut/ecolres-peatlands-1.pdf

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We measured the height and diameter of each tree in the given area and my groupmate estimated that there were 540m3 perr hectar of pine, 5m3 of spruce and 256m2 overall territory.

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this is for diameter

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Since a mid-June Bioaika project has been on tour in Finland. I visited this exhibition in Mikkeli and founded out that bioeconomy has never been so fascinating.

Bioaika (or Bio Era in English) is an exhibition on wheels, which shows the present and the future of bioeconomy in the forestry sector. Sounds boring, but don’t let the first impression frighten you off. Firstly, Bioaika is not a conventional expo at least because it is placed inside a huge truck! Secondly, Bioaika uses the concept of educational entertainment, and it means that the truck is full of interactive stands, buttons, levers, and controllers, which you can push or turn to learn about climate change or carbon cycle. Also, there is a corner with VR glasses, showing a work of harvester from his cabin.

Moreover, there is a stand of products made from timber. Items are really inspiring (not only for environmental students). The broad application of wood varies from nanocellulose to a regular t-shirt. And that’s not all. The expo is changing throughout the journey.  Latest innovations are added on the way.

The aim of the project is to attract the attention of young people to global problems. And also, to give them a solution. Piritta Marttila, an inspirer of the project, says she will regard the project as successful if at least one of the young visitors will choose to work in the forestry sector in future.

Bioaika is the unique exhibition. Piritta Marttila claims, that there is no similar project in the world. The producers of the event tour are Metsähallitus Science Centre Pilke in cooperation with Science Centre Tietomaa and forest sector actors. The project will last until December.

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What are the challenges to succeed in driving traceless?

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What are the challenges to succeed in driving traceless?

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Today we have the knowledge and the technology to harvest and transport timber without causing damage to soil and water.
Operators use depth to water maps to identify areas in the terrain where the weight bearing capacity is lower. They also identify the spots where extra re-enforcement is needed, and they choose logging machines according to the conditions of the terrain.

Our technology can help a lot in preserving the resources. I believe it`s the way to evolve not harming the nature around us!

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The operating profit per hectare of non-industrial private forestry in 2014 was 105 euros.

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The operating profit per hectare of non-industrial private forestry in 2014 was 105 euros.

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- 9 different wood processing companies

- In Finland they do not uses any pre thinning marking of trees

- the most common technique of logging is based on the basal area and stems per hectare before and after felling.

- bufferzoned are mostly between 5 and 30 meters.

look other comments to photos grom the trip

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Finland’s National Forest Programme 2015 -

Turning the Finnish forest sector into a responsible

pioneer in bioeconomy for 2011–2015 included the key forest policy guidelines. In terms of suistainable wood production, the objective of the

programme was to improve the growth conditions in the forests as well as to increase the increment of growing stock.

The targets set in Finland’s National Forest Programme 2015 for various silvicultural and forest

improvement work types and their implementation are presented in the attached table. The

objectives have not been reached in any of the types of work apart from the repelling root-rot

disease and in the long run, also the construction of forest roads. Objectives related to the remedial fertilisation of forests have been the most difficult to achieve. In 2014, Finland’s National Forest Strategy 2025

was prepared and it contains the main objectives for forest-based business and activities until 2025. The objective of the strategy is to create growth, investments and new jobs in the forest sector.

The goal of the EU Biodiversity Strategy 2020 is to stop the decline of biodiversity by the year 2020. One measure supporting this goal is to restore 15% of deteriorating ecosystems. In Finland, peatland restoration has chiefly been carried out in nature conservation areas.