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Residents of this overburdened and polluted megacity are held hostage by a politician-builder nexus that allows rampant 'development' to fuel its descent into urban hell

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Another case study

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India's economic changes have caused rapid . This has several advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages

The increase in population in urban areas creates a skilled workforce that attracts transnational corporations creating jobs for example in call centres and . This increases the wealth of the country and through the and also creates other jobs for less skilled people.

The increase in wealth is used to develop both secondary and university education, further increasing the skills base of the urban area. This triggers cumulative causation and the creation of Indian high tech companies.

The increase in wealth is used to develop sanitation within the urban areas reducing water-borne diseases and so reducing infant mortality rates.

Disadvantages

In some cases this rapid urbanisation happens too fast for the city authorities to cope with. This can result in a lack of affordable accommodation causing many recent migrants from rural areas to rely on self-built housing such as Dharavi in Mumbai. The growth of Dharavi and other slums can create many problems - for example inadequate waste disposal, high incidences of disease and conflict. Rapid urbanisation also puts pressure on transport systems and job opportunities. This can result in people working in poor conditions, for long hours and low pay.

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Case study: development in an emerging country - India - Edexcel - Revision 8 - GCSE Geography - BBC Bitesize

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India's economic changes have caused rapid . This has several advantages and disadvantages. The increase in population in urban areas creates a skilled workforce that attracts transnational corporations creating jobs for example in call centres and . This increases the wealth of the country and through the and also creates other jobs for less skilled people.

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Not specifically about India, but VERY detailed

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Good information on causes

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Urbanisation During Post Independence Period - PPT from SlideShare.pdf

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Rural to Urban Migration in India-PPT from SlideShare.pdf

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Translation to English not perfect but there is some useful information here

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Translation to English not perfect but there is some useful information here

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Urbanisation implies the rigorous push of people from villages to city centers due to various reasons and the concentration of people in the urban centers coupled a lot of problems regarding the basic amenities and the notion of inclusiveness in the process of development . India represents the paces of urbanisation which can blunt with fences of developing countries because the reasons and the ill effects of extra intensive urbanisation are similar to all in that countries. When analysing the various poles of urbanisation it can pin that the growth of urbanisation in India was gradual in nature with a faster pace till the duration 1930's to 1950's and got a sharp decline around 60's.
Please click on below pic to get full view:

While analysing the faces of urbanisation in India, it can be seen that the protracted escalations is without possessing economic bases and it creates a lot of problems regarding basic amenities , health, education, sanitation etc.

In the case of India, urbanisation cannot be considered as a part of economic escalations and it is truly sounded on the basis of escalating demography and it can conclude less living conditions and it coupled various impacts like slums, lack of education, degradation of quality of life etc. It can be seen that urbanisation is not often merged with India, not of the pull factors from urban areas but due to the demographic pressures pertaining in rural centers.

With the principles of liberalism in the Indian economy, it merged the economic imperatives with the economies of other countries planked a lot of job opportunities in India and almost it was happening in city centers and it made them to migrate into city centers, it boosted the rural- urban population.

The fusing process of Indian economy with other economy straddles made a lot of job opportunities and it promoted indigenous capital as a usual mode regarding economic liberalism, it made investments in the city centers and it enhanced the migration.

Though the economic liberalism made slight slips in the property measures, the economic straddles was almost failed to accomplish the principles of basic amenities with it made a notion that, through the liberalism , it is almost impossible to reduce poverty and the gap between poor and rich is widening. It coupled a situation that without preaching such changes regarding basic infrastructure, the urbanisation process would not benefit to the poor migrants.
Though the sperms of urbanisation can be traced back to the period of Britishers , with the independence of her made wide public sector investments in selected areas made such pockets as the centers of development, it made more pull to that particular centers and it made the urbanisation prominent there.
Is there any link between urbanisation and environment in India?

Yes. There exists certain relations. They are:

1. Cultivated lands were eradicated due to excess burden and it all turned to infrastructure development straddles.

2. A water portable system should be constructed for drinking and other purposes. Growing urban population demands more water and as a result of it water is becoming a bigger problem.

3. It increases pollution and waste management is also a big problem nowadays.

A large number of urban poor in India are migrated from rural areas and they migrated in search for jobs and are intermittently employed without any job security.

Poverty has therefore a huge relationship with employment that absence of employment often made poverty a huge problem. Industrialisation along with liberalism made a stance that more quality oriented products are created through a few skilled hands and the people who are migrated are often unskilled in nature made liberalism almost impossible to fulfill the ways inclusiveness in urban as well as rural India.
What is your view on urbanization in India and on world level?

How urbanization can happen in sustainable way with fulfilling the demands of large population?

What are the main problems of urbanisation and according to you what can be the reasonable solutions for those?

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An Insight on Urbanization, its Pros & Cons : India and World

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Urbanization and its Pros & Cons, Urbanization is good or bad, advantages and disadvantages of urbanization, pull factor, push factor, urbanisation in India and world, health, education, sanitation, Indian economy, migration of people from rural to urban areas, economic liberalism, urbanisation and environment, pollution and waste management, Poverty and employment, rural India

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The Economic Survey 2017 has brought in new evidence to indicate that Indians are much more mobile than it was generally believed. The 2011 Census, rail traffic data and changes in population in different age categories show that migration is much larger than what has been argued by using traditional sources of data like the National Sample Survey (NSS) and the population census. More importantly, there seems to have been an upsurge in mobility for economic reasons in the recent decade across states.

The number of migrants by place of last residence in India was 314.5 million in 2001. The figure rose to 453.6 million in 2011, showing an addition of 139 million, an average of about 14 million migrating every year. This is against the figure of 82 million migrants added during 1991-2001, implying that the decadal growth in migration has gone up from 35.5% during 1991-2001to 44.2% during 2001-11.

Traditionally, inter-state migrants have been only a small percentage of the total migrants in India. Results from the 2011 Census are yet to be released providing data on this migration stream. However, as per the 2001 Census, inter-state migrants constitute only 13% of total migrants. The last NSS on migration for 2007-08 shows that inter-state migrants were 11.5%, up from 10.3% in 1999-2000. Even if one uses the census percentage figure, the number of inter-state migrants would be around 18.5 million in 2011, averaging less than two million a year.

The survey uses somewhat unconventional data sources and innovative analytics, thereby creating new avenues of research. The net inter-state migration in the 20-29 age group estimated is about 11 million. Assuming that the migrants who are 20-29 years old constitute 20% of all migrants, the total inter-statemigrants would be 55 million, 5-6 million individuals a year during 2001-11.

Importantly, NSS 2007-08 reveals that as many as 27% of all inter-state migrants are 20-29 years old. The corresponding figure among those moving for employment reasons is as high as 32%, not 20% as assumed by the Economic Survey. Using a more appropriate scaling factor, the number of migrants as per the cohort method would be around 34 million, not 55 million as estimated by the survey.

The rail travel data generated from ticket sale for unreserved class between stations is a rich source. This information for 2011has been used with a heroic assumption that this class of travel between stations beyond a certain distance, after netting out the travels in the reverse direction, is for employment.

Usage of different modes of travel for different journeys and complexities in travel patterns of labour and non-labour migrants - partly due to inadequacies of rail infrastructure, besides the absence of the information on the purpose of travel in the data - would significantly reduce acceptability of the findings. Notwithstanding all these, the survey has determined the volume of inter-state movement to be nine million a year. This figure is way above the figures arrived at by using more reasonable assumptions in migration literature.

Importantly, any acceleration in recent internal migration is to be reflected in the number of migrants reporting less than 10 years of stay. The 2011Census data show that the migrants reporting over 10 years of stay have increased faster than those of all durations, the two figures being 71% and 44% respectively. Also, the increase in the number of net rural to urban migrants, reporting a duration of stay more than 10 years, is 70%, much higher than 45% reported for less than 10 years' duration. Correspondingly, the figures for net rural and urban migration for employment reasons are 56% and 31% respectively.

These figures support the existing view of a decline in the share of migrants in urban growth.

Finally, the percentage of migrants who did not report their duration of stay had gone up from 8% to 13% in rural areas, and from 9% to 17% in urban areas. Reported hostilities against recent migrants and discriminatory policies of state and local governments explain their not admitting their short duration of migration.

Surprisingly, the figure from the 2011 Census is as low as 0.16%. One would certainly wait for an explanatory note from the Registrar General of India indicating how temporal comparability can be established, before drawing any conclusion for policy purposes.
Kundu is Regional Adviser on Poverty, Economic Development and Integration Division, UN Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, and Mohanan is with the Indian Statistical Service

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Internal migration in India: A very moving story

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The Economic Survey 2017 has brought in new evidence to indicate that Indians are much more mobile than it was generally believed. The 2011 Census, rail traffic data and changes in population in different age categories show that migration is much larger than what has been argued by using traditional sources of data like the National Sample Survey (NSS) and the population census.

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Based on the 2011 census (most recent available

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Based on the 2011 census (most recent available

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1. Areas of Extremely Low Density:

Areas having 100 persons per sq km and less than that are included in this class. They include Arunachal Pradesh (13), Mizoram (42), Andaman and Nicobar Islands (43) Sikkim (76) and Jammu and Kashmir (100).

Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram are located in a remote and inaccessible part of north-east India.

Sikkim is also a mountainous area with low density of population. Andaman and Nicobar Islands are situated far away from the Indian mainland. Hot and humid climate of these islands is injurious to health and very little economic development has taken place here.

Jammu and Kashmir has vast areas devoid of population. Only some parts of Jammu region and Kashmir valley are thickly populated. Large stretches of Leh (Ladakh) and Kargil have population density less than ten persons per sq km. On the whole Kargil has population density of 8 persons/sq km while Leh (Ladakh) has only 3 persons per sq km. These are dry and cold areas and badly lack the basic amenities of life.

2. Areas of Low Density:

Areas having population density of 101 to 250 persons per sq km are included in this class. These states are Meghalaya (103), Manipur (111), Himachal Pradesh (109) Nagaland (120), Chhattisgarh (154), Uttaranchal (159), Rajasthan (165), Madhya Pradesh (196), and Orissa (236). Meghalaya, Manipur, and Nagaland are hilly, forested and dissected areas of north-east India.

These areas suffer from almost the same problems as those of Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram, although to a lesser extent. Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal are parts of the north-western Himalayan region and have very little level land to support high population density. Rajasthan is the largest state of India.

There are obviously large variations in the density of population in different parts of the state depending upon the local conditions. Most of Rajasthan is a sandy desert lacking in water resources and does not support high population density.

Western part of the state is having even less than 50 persons per sq km whereas eastern and north-eastern parts of this state have sufficient resources and have comparatively high density of population. Madhya Pradesh is a part of the Deccan Plateau and is having rugged topography of hard rocks.

Like Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh has rugged topography, is thickly forested and is largely inhabited by the tribal people. As such, the population density in this state also is low. Chhattisgarh's neighbouring state Orissa is also not densely populated. However, a few clusters in Orissa have sufficiently high density of population.

3. Areas of Moderate Density:

This class includes those areas which are having 251 to 500 persons per sq km. The average for whole of India (325 persons per sq km) also falls in this class. Gujarat (258), Karnataka (276), Andhra Pradesh (277), Tripura (305), Maharashtra (315), Jharkhand (338), Assam (340), Goa (364), Dadra and Nagar Haveli (449), Haryana (478), Tamil Nadu (480) and Punjab (484) are included in this category.

These areas are wide apart from one another and there are different reasons for moderate density of population in different areas. For example, Assam has tea whereas Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Jharkhand have agricultural and mineral resources, is highly urbanised and industrialised state.

The neighbouring state of Gujarat also has urban and industrial growth, although at a scale smaller than that of Maharashtra. Among the northeastern states, Tripura has sufficient level land which supports moderate population density.

Punjab and Haryana have highly developed agriculture based on heavy inputs in the form of high yielding varieties of seeds, chemical fertilizers and canal and tube-well irrigation. Similarly, Tamil Nadu's population is based on agriculture and industries.

These are areas having population density of 501 to 1000 per sq km. Four states-Uttar Pradesh (690), Kerala (809), Bihar (881) and West Bengal (903) are included in this category. West Bengal is located in the Ganga delta which is one of the most fertile areas of the world, producing 3-4 crops of rice in a year. In addition, India's biggest industrial cluster is located in the Hugli basin.

These factors combine together to make West Bengal the most densely populated state of India. The coastal plain of Kerala is also very fertile. However, Kerala has started showing decline in the growth rate of population.

The reversal of order between Kerala and West Bengal is due to high growth rate in West Bengal and low growth rate in Kerala. Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are located in the fertile Ganga plain and support high density of population.

5. Areas of Very High Density:

Areas having more than 100 persons per sq km are termed as areas of very high population density. Union Territories of Daman and Diu (1,413), Lakshadweep, Pondicherry (2,034), Chandigarh (7,800), and Delhi (9,340) are areas of very high population.

Delhi has experienced one of the fastest population growths as a result of which its population density has increased considerably. This growth is primarily due to large scale migration of people from the surrounding areas.

People migrate to Delhi in large numbers in search of livelihood, and better amenities of life. On an average, Delhi's population grows at an annual rate of 4 lakhs out of which 2.5 lakhs is on account of migration.

It may be seen that the Eastern region has by far the highest density and the North Eastern region the lowest. Eastern region has recorded the highest increase in density from 431 in 1991 to 525 in 2001 followed by Central region and Western region respectively.

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Population Density: Classification Of The Spatial Distribution Of Population Density

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ADVERTISEMENTS: For the sake of convenience, the spatial distribution of population density is classified into following categories: 1. Areas of Extremely Low Density: Areas having 100 persons per sq km and less than that are included in this class. They include Arunachal Pradesh (13), Mizoram (42), Andaman and Nicobar Islands (43) Sikkim (76) and Jammu ...