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Indigenous Thai people often come from a farming background in the highlands, hence the name "hill tribes".The Thai government claims the community is causing problems with 'deforestation'. Many Thai farming communities in northern Thailand use a "slash and burn" methods in portions of the Hin Lad Nai forest. This method has been happening for hundreds of years and is a way of naturally fertilizing the land, as well as creating resilience of the flora in the area. It also is connected with the thriving bee population in the area, contrasting to what the worlds sees now in the declining bee population. Because of the burning of the forest though, the United Nations claims it is harming the environment by increasing greenhouse gases. Nevertheless, as a result, the government has made an effort to relocate the tribes to places in the lowlands where their skills can no longer be used. Because of this displacement, the indigenous Thai community are placed in schools that don't speak the same language, and often struggle being forced into society. With little help with immersion from the government, children often have to find work in selling items on the street or even become a part of the child sex trade.

http://thaifreedomhouse.org/about-us/hill-tribes-indigenous-people/
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/160303-thailand-farmers-slash-and-burn-forests-climate-environment/

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Content Outline: Sirirada
Content: Danny, Sarah, Nithiuth, Teera, Abby, Janja, Maprang, Grace
Editing & Overview: Pichayanin & Sirirada
Presentation: Sirirada & Gavin

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http://www.asiantraveltips.com/thailand/white-meo-hilltribe-village-chiang-mai/

https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=imgres&cd=&ved=0ahUKEwiH-P3jobPWAhUDWLwKHXR0DkQQjBwIBA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1stopchiangmai.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F10%2Fshutterstock_201775268_s.jpg&psig=AFQjCNFn7uJPy2DZ4vb4tbBjwvCKuwbahA&ust=1505979719103862

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https://thailanddaytours.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Chiang-Mai-Hilltribe.jpg

http://mychiangmaitour.com/wp-content/images/hilltribe/lisu_hilltribe001.jpg

http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/07/01/article-2676376-1F4B408900000578-786_964x628.jpg

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LOOKING FORWARD: CONCLUDING THOUGHTS ON MARGINALIZATION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

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LOOKING FORWARD: CONCLUDING THOUGHTS ON MARGINALIZATION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

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GENTRIFICATION AND URBAN MOVEMENT

CULTURAL PRESERVATION

TOURISM

HOW DO ALL THESE THINGS TIE UP?

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The sea gypsies in the southern part of Thailand are facing eviction after living on and around the beaches of Rawai for the past 200 years. Sea gypsies in neighboring areas have also been forced off their land by resorts and hotels over past decades.

One of the incidents occurred in Phuket shown that the conflict has reached to another level

According to a letter of Baron World Trade Ltd., an real estate developer, dated December 30, 2015, reported to military and civilian authorities that the company has legally obtained title to the land to develop a luxury villa project on Rawai Beach but construction work has been obstructed by Chao Lay, an indigenous group who live in Phuket, who refused to leave the disputed land.

Witnesses told Human Rights Watch that on the morning of January 27, 2016, at least 100 men attacked a group of Chao Lay in a dispute over a 52,800 m² land on Rawai Beach.

January 29, 2016, Deputy Prime Minister Prawit Wongsuwon has ordered state agencies to find a solution to the land dispute conflict that led to attacks on sea gypsies living in Phuket’s Rawai Beach

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/02/indigenous-people-turned-off-land
https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/02/13/thailand-investigate-attack-sea-gypsies
https://iva.aippnet.org/thailand-prawit-steps-into-sea-gypsy-land-dispute/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxI01fwZ0MA

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The earliest people that live in Bangkok, that could be considered “indigenous locals” migrated from other parts of Asia. A high population of people from southern China that migrated and settled to Bangkok (and along the Gulf of Siam) between 1822 and 1917 (up to 34,000) had a large impact of the culture and demographics of the minority indigenous people we may think of. While most Thais were involved in rice production, the Chinese brought new influences of farming both on a local and international level.

The majority of the population in Bangkok is Chinese and Thai Chinese because of the migration at the start of the establishing city. Most younger generations of Thai Chinese adopted a Thai identity once Chinese immigration was restricted in the 1930s and 1940s. Today, marriage between Chinese and Thai is common and accepted in Bangkok meaning there is not a lot of diversity between who is considered “indigenous” or not (unlike Australia where there might be a heavier cultural divide).

Picture attached is the center of Bangkok's Chinatown, on Yaowarat Road. Chinese immigrants and their descendants from the largest minority group in the city.

Fryer, D. (1953). The "Million City" in Southeast Asia. Geographical Review, 43(4), 474-494. doi:10.2307/212034
http://www.city-data.com/world-cities/Bangkok-People.html

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(From Hmong and Lisu mountain villagers in Chiang Mai)
- Tourism is seen by most as a valuable addition to the economy of the mountain peoples
- Visitors often offend hill tribe people. The villagers visited recognize this as (usually being) ignorance and are forgiving, but stress the need for education of visitors

- Despite the above, tourists are generally very welcome, and the experience of meeting them is usually interesting and enjoyable

- Tourist guides often give false information to their guests, for a variety of reasons, including lack of knowledge and understanding, and pursuit of their personal profit

- Cooperation between guides, tour companies and hill tribes would greatly improve hill tribe tourism

- Hill tribe people in the villages should be more directly involved with guiding, either as registered guides, or village guides, appointed by the village and tour operators

- Profits from hill tribe tourism should be more equally shared between operators and villages.
https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/tourism-industry-and-northern-thailands-mountain-peoples

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Tourism can be damaging in many significant ways. The travel industry is often deeply voyeuristic in the way it views indigenous cultures. In Chiang Mai, tourists’ hunger for ‘authentic’ experiences of traditional culture can imprison indigenous societies in a stagnant state, where they feel forced to reconstruct their ethnicity as acceptably and photogenically as possible to their visitors. This often results in a commodification of cultural markers, so that religious practices, cultural observances and festivals are sanitized or embellished to attract and impress tourists. Before long, commodification can lead to a lack of respect for traditional symbols and practices, and to the fragmentation of the community’s values.
https://www.chailaiorchid.com/news/2017/5/19/the-impact-of-tourism-on-indigenous-communities-in-thailand

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Indigenous Peoples in Thailand had joined together as the Network of Indigenous Peoples of Thailand (NIPT) to organize campaign activities calling for their acceptance by the state and public, as well as recognition of their rights since the year 2007. In 2010, the Council of Indigenous Peoples in Thailand (CIPT) was established as a mechanism to support this goal of acceptance of indigenous diversity and rights. The First National Assembly of the Council of Indigenous Peoples of Thailand, held in November of 2014, ratified the Constitution of the CIPT to serve as a joint agreement for action to benefit the council and associated networks in coordinating the efforts of all partners in addressing economic, social, political, cultural, education, local wisdom, environment, spiritual space, and human rights issues and problems.l The Second Assembly of CIPT was convened in August 2015, in which there were 190 members representing 38 Indigenous groups. Two indigenous councils were adopted at local levels and 15 executive committee members selected from the Assembly.

In 2014, during the drafting of the current Interim Constitution of Thailand, Indigenous Peoples submitted proposals for a specific legislation for promotion of the rights of Indigenous Peoples but they were not accepted. Indigenous Peoples have continued lobbying with the National Legislative Assembly for considering the proposals for such legislation.

https://www.culturalsurvival.org/sites/default/files/media/thailandupr-sep2015-final_0.pdf
Greenop, K., & Memmott, P. (2013). Aboriginal identity and place in the intercultural settings of metropolitan Australia. Indigenous in the City: Contemporary Identities and Cultural Innovation, 256-281.

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"Can the indigenous people equally own the land, even though they didn't buy it?"

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"Can the indigenous people equally own the land, even though they didn't buy it?"

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According to the Regulation of the Prime Minister’s Office on the Issuance of Community Land Title Deeds 2010, indigenous people are not provided with legal recognition to traditional land tenure and resource management systems. Communities may collectively manage and use State-owned land for their living, but the State still retains its claim to ownership of these lands.

Indigenous peoples have been struggling with expulsion from or restrictions of access to their ancestral lands. Recent legal reforms and policies such as the Forestry Master Plan have resulted in judicial actions against members of indigenous communities within protected forests. Indigenous leaders and activists opposing such injustices have faced harsh reprisals, including enforced disappearances and harassments.

Traditional knowledge of the indigenous peoples on the use of their lands and resources is also being challenged with adverse laws.

http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/THA/INT_CCPR_ICO_THA_23570_E.pdf

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The hill tribes of northern Thailand issues associated with current development plans for the region.

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The hill tribes of northern Thailand issues associated with current development plans for the region.

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Cards and Identity

·         The difficulties minority peoples encounter in obtaining Thai citizenship

- Obstacles to rights to free movement

- Property ownership (ex. lands, territories, etc.)

- Political participation

Perceptions, Prejudice, and Policy

·         Refusal to respect, provide recognition or support to traditional and minority cultures.

The People and The Land

·         Buying up of village communal land by private developers against the wishes of the villagers and without compensation to the villagers.

Ways of life and livelihood under threat

·         Villagers in the region the traditional way of life and continued presence in the area are threatened by processes of economic development, by past international development assistance projects and by present security, development, conservation and forestry policies.

·         No compensation being offered for those forcibly moved from their homes or land, and little choice about alternative land being offered to those communities still facing relocation.

http://www.hrca.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/the-hill-tribes-of-northern-thailand.pdf
http://www.ibtimes.com/thailands-lost-tribes-natives-who-are-not-citizens-708246

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Indigenous Thailand

Indigenous populations are predominantly dispersed across the north and northwestern parts of Thailand, with a smaller population living in the south. The indigenous population of Thailand are commonly referred to as “hill tribes,” and sometimes as “ethnic minorities”. The historical discrimination against the indigenous peoples of Thailand as “uncivilised”, in opposition to the “civilised” majority Thais, continue to shape the laws, policies and programs affecting them. As of 2010, Thailand does not have laws recognising and protecting the rights of indigenous peoples and the new Constitution passed in 2007 does not explicitly recognise their identity.

Heritage Preservation
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) describes cultural heritage can be tangible, such as buildings and surrounding, or intangible, such as local custom and way of life. Therefore an effort to preserve cultural heritage should aim to conserve not only physical objects, such as buildings and their surroundings, but also intangible things such as arts languages, and customs.
Preserving cultural heritage, such as the indigenous thai ideals helps to maintain:
Cultural memory - preserving cultural heritage maintains physical evidence of history and transfers valuable knowledge of ancestors.
Convenient proximity -preserving cultural heritage supports interactions among the environment, people and community activities.
Environment diversity - among urban development cultural heritage retains local artifacts and reinforces the importance of local artisans as an identifier of the local community.
Economic gain - preservation can benefit the community in reducing the need for new buildings and serving as attractions to visitors.

https://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/focus/section2/2010/12/indigenous-peoples-of-thailand.html

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There are a total of 70 ethnic groups who co-exist in Thailand. There are general ethics that we may already know such as Indian, Chinese and Malay. This diverse existence of ethnicity was caused by the trade and migration happening thousands of years ago. Nevertheless, there are some group of minorities who already exist since before Thailand was open to trading and immigration.

Nowadays, indigenous people of Thailand is usually called "Chao Khao" or in translation, mountain or hill people. There are a total of 10 officially recognised group of people:

Akha

Hmong

H’tin

Karen

Khmu

Lahu

Lisu

Lua

Mien

Mlabri

The majority of the group, live to the north and west of the country. Most of the individuals in the group are hunters, farmers and food gatherer. Up to the year of 2002, there are a total of 925,8252 indigenous people listed by the Thai government.
https://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/focus/section2/2010/12/indigenous-peoples-of-thailand.html
http://www.rlpd.go.th/rlpdnew/images/rlpd_1/HRC/CERD%201_3.pdf
http://thaifreedomhouse.org/about-us/hill-tribes-indigenous-people/

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- Gentrification comes at a ‘social cost’

- Urban planning in Bangkok is a constant battle, specifically tidying and organising the streets, without putting at risk the business of street vendors who claim they are the heart of Bangkok’s culture
- The growing nature of tourism (environmental footprint, economic impact, our different ideas and values) is effecting the economic health and size of indigenous communities and sites
- Tourism is forcing indigenous people to reconstruct their ethnicity to make it more photogenic and 'sellable''
- However, on the contrary, responsible tourism can help people from these remote communities to find work
- Many slums were demolished through urbanisation process in Thailand under the pressure of rising land prices, putting many people out of homes
- Due to the pressures of social and economic status, urbanisation and gentrification in Bangkok has been at a cost of losing a lot of indigenous and cultural roots

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Gentrification has stood out as an unusual reversing of upwardly mobile physical and social migratory trends, with those of high social and economic capital intentionally inhabiting environments that were generally considered not becoming of them, and in so doing gradually transforming the status of those locals (often to the exclusion of the original habitants)
- Jin Hooi Chan, Katia Iankova, Ying Zhang, Tom McDonald & Xiaoguang Qi

(2016) The role of self-gentrification in sustainable tourism: Indigenous entrepreneurship