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By: Jacob Greenblat and Sendy Pierre Marc

Definition- A laboratory method used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules

Uses:
-Forensics (DNA Fingerprinting)
-Molecular Biology (Studying DNA at a Molecular level)
-Genetics (Genetic Engineering)
-Virology (Diagnosing Viruses)

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by Jessica Abeynayake, Brooke Bernhardt
-Amplifies DNA sequence and makes billions of copies of the DNA.
Three steps used in the cycle:
-DNA is heated to separate the strands.
-Then as DNA is cooling, the primer molecules hydrogen bond to its target sequence.
-Finally, heat-stable DNA polymerase extends primer to make new DNA sequence.

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by: Millena Prather and Becca Herman

Genetic Engineering is the process of manually altering the DNA in an organism.

Includes:
-changing, deleting, or adding base pairs
-removing DNA from a gene  from one organism and inserting it into another
-used to enhance or modify characteristics of an organism

Examples:
- genetic engineering has been used to mass-produced insulin
-corn and soy

Fun Facts:
-the first genetically modified organism was bacterium in 1973
-the first genetically modified foods occurred in 1994  (Flavr Savr tomato which had a longer shelf life)

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Used for cleaning up toxic chemical waste. Uses organisms to break down toxic substances into less toxic substances.

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-a GMO is the result of a laboratory process where genes from the DNA of one species are extracted and inserted into the DNA of another unrelated plant or animal.  -GMO is used to improve resistance  against disease and drought for crops
-GMOs are also common in the field of medicine
-  gmo is  used by moving traits around to produce a desirable trait

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by Andy Moeller, Amy Guenterberg

Fermentation is a form of anaerobic (without oxygen) respiration that produces chemical energy (ATP) through glycolysis. Two common types of fermentation are lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation. Lactic acid is used in human muscles and are used n the dairy industry to make cheese and yogurt. Alcohol fermentation is used in brewing, wine-making, and baking by using yeast.
Lactic acid fermentation diagram.
Alcoholic fermentation diagram.

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By: Griffin Murray, Jordan Grant

DNA sequencing - the process determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule.
-used in molecular biology to    study genomes and the proteins they encode.
Different methods of DNA sequencing:
1) Sanger Method
2) Maxam-Gilbert Method
Tree of Life - DNA sequencing can teach us about evolutionary life and lead to genetically modified organisms. change