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Haggerty, J. (2016, July 17). History of Psychotherapy. Retrieved May 31, 2017, from https://psychcentral.com/lib/history-of-psychotherapy/

McLeod, S. (1970, January 01). Skinner- Operant Conditioning. Retrieved May 31, 2017, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html

Seligman L. W., & Reichenberg, L. W. (2014). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy:

Systems, strategies, and skills (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

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Elements of all the forces are combined into a comprehensive and holistic approach to understand people fully. Clinician's emphasize the awareness and understanding of individual identity (gender, sex, age, culture, race, and sexual orientation) which facilitates the development of therapeutic relationships and effective treatments. Clinicians today understand the importance of being culturally competent and being an ally with the client to best comprehend their personal views and perspectives. Treatment approaches now include networking and collaboration with colleagues in the mental health professions, providers of community resources, and those individuals who are important to the client. New approaches such as narrative therapy, dialectics, and therapies that incorporate Eastern philosophies have allowed clinicians to understand people's experiences and empower them to take an active role in changing.

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In addition to Carl Rogers, the work of Fritz Perls (pictured below) and Viktor Frankl as well as others contributed to the third force, which emphasizes the importance of emotions and sensations for people to find true meaning to their lives. Fritz Perls and his wife Laura Perls, developed and founded Gestalt therapy,  a humanistic form of therapy using the method of present moment awareness, where all current feelings, senses, emotions, and behaviors are enhanced and understood. Viktor Frankl established existential therapy called logotherapy, based in the premise that man’s underlying motivator in life is a “will to meaning,” even in the most difficult of circumstances.

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Carl Roger's innovative work that emerged in the 1960's led to the development of the third force, existential-humanistic psychotherapy. Roger's is widely known as the father of client-centered therapy and argued that therapists should allow the client to find solutions on their own with guidance. He focused on the transmission of warmth, genuineness and acceptance from the therapist to the client. He believed in self-actualization as the primary force of motivation for humans.

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His research and practice helped lead to the second force. Skinner's work dealt with the best way to understand behavior which included looking at the causes of an action and its consequences. He called this approach operant conditioning. He also introduced reinforcement- explaining how behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated.

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The second force includes the emergence of behavioral and cognitive theories and interventions.  This was led by B. F. Skinner, and more modern theorists such as Albert Ellis (developed rational emotive behavioral therapy), Aaron Beck  (large influencer of the development of cognitive behavioral therapy), William Glasser (developer of reality therapy and choice theory) and Donald Meichenbaum (founder of cognitive behavioral modification). Behavior therapy was enhanced to include emphasis on the thoughts and feelings of the person and how they contribute to behaviors. This was widely used in the 1970's and in the 1980's began to see the cognitive approaches added to behavior treatment. They use interventions that seek to minimize dysfunctional cognitions and behaviors and replace them with new helpful, positive thoughts.

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Sigmund Freud spearheaded the development of psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy. In 1900, his major work 'The Interpretation of Dreams' was published in which Freud analysed unconscious desires and experiences. Freud helped constitute the idea of treatment by listening to the patient and providing interpretations, to bring memories to the forefront and help decrease symptoms. This first force incorporated viewing past experiences as the source of people's present emotional difficulties and emphasized unconscious processes.

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At this time people had little understanding of emotional difficulties and mental disorders. Due to this lack of understanding those with mental health and emotional issues were outcasted, confined into institutions with ineffective dangerous "treatments", or given no help at all. This picture depicts examples of these ineffective treatments and crude devices. Such as the he circulating swing, tranquilizing chair, and restraining box.