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https://youtu.be/oodolEmUg2ghttps://youtu.be/oodolEmUg2g

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September 2, 1957 - The day before classes begin for the new school year, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus summons the Arkansas National Guard to report to Little Rock and surround the Central High School campus to block any attempts by black students to enter the school. Faubus announces in a public television speech that the orders are a proactive approach to prevent violence to all citizens and property and to “preserve the peace.”

September 4 - Nine black students, known as the “Little Rock Nine” attempt to enter Central High but are turned away by the National Guard.

September 20 - A federal judge grants an injunction to NAACP lawyers Thurgood Marshall and Wiley Branton to impede the governor's use of the National Guard. The troops withdraw.

September 23 - Little Rock police officers and over 1,000 integration protestors surround the school in anticipation of the black students’ attempt to enter the school. The police escort the students into the high school’s side door unnoticed. Outside, the mob learns of the students’ entrance and begins to act angry and aggressive. They begin to challenge the police officers. Fearful the crowd will get out of control, the school administration moves the black students out a side door before noon.

September 24 - U.S. Congressman Brooks Hays and Little Rock Mayor Woodrow Mann ask the federal government for help via a telegram to President Dwight Eisenhower. President Eisenhower displaces between 1,100 and 1,200 federal troops of the 101st Airborne Division and places 10,000 National Guardsmen on duty.

September 25 – The Little Rock Nine, under protection from federal troops, enter Central High School through the front entrance. Aggressive white mobs verbally chastise the students and physically harm black reporters in the crowd covering the affair. The event is seen around the world.

Fifty years later - The courageous efforts of the Little Rock Nine are celebrated as one of the most defining chapters in Little Rock's history, and as one of the earliest victories of a long overdue civil rights movement. Central High remains one of the leading education centers in Arkansas and stands as a national historic site and an icon for racial equality and social reform.

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National Guard:
The National Guard was involved in the Little Rock Nine Crisis because they were assigned by Dwight D. Eisenhower to escort the students into the school, should they show up.

The Little Rock Nine:
A group of nine African American students that were the first to attend an all white school.

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This cartoon is showing how the Supreme Court ruled that segregation was against the Constitution. The school districts choose to ignore the desegregation law.

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The Fourteenth Amendment says that all people born or naturalized in the United States are citizens regardless of races. This means the students were given the right to go to any school under order the Constitution. The students’ right to go an integrated school is give to them as a citizen of the United States, given to them by the Fourteenth Amendment.

"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."  -- Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution
https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxiv

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The Little Rock nine helped the movement of integration have a more rapid increase. After the students started to regularly attend Central High School, other schools began integration in neighboring communities.
“Civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. attended graduation ceremonies at Central High School in May 1958 to see Ernest Green, the only senior among the Little Rock Nine, receive his diploma.”
http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/central-high-school-integration

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The court case of Brown vs. the Board of Education helped the nine students to be chosen to integrate the all-white Central High School in Little Rock Arkansas.
“The court had mandated that all public schools in the country be integrated “with all deliberate speed” in its decision related to the groundbreaking case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.”
http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/central-high-school-integration

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The key strategies for the Little Rock was to walk up to the school, silent and without using violence, through the angry mob. The nine students had to be escorted by the National Guard. They were told to be silent and ignore the mob around them.

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The Little Rock Nine consisted of nine African American students in Little Rock, Arkansas.
The students were:

Melba Pattillo Beals

- Melba Patillo Beals came from an African American family that valued education highly. Her mother had a PhD In English and was a high school teacher and her brother was a U.S. marshal in Little Rock

Minnijean Brown.

-Faced many hardships in her life involving being expelled from school numerous times due to basically standing up for herself against some white people. In her adult life she was appointed by President Clinton to serve as the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Department of the interior responsible for diversity.

Elizabeth Eckford.

-During the Little Rock Nine crisis, all the students were to meet at a meeting spot and enter the school at the same time. At the last second the meeting spot was changed and due to Elizabeth's lack of a telephone, she did not know the meeting spot was changed and was at the front of the school alone. In her later life she joined the military and wrote military newspapers. Since then she has worked a few random jobs but right now she is a probation officer in Little Rock.

Ernest Green.

-Ernest Green is a huge big civil rights activist. He attended Michigan State University on a scholarship that was donated by an anonymous donor. While in college he joined a fraternity and continued to participate in civil right protests and activities. Green graduated at the top of his class and with a masters degree in sociology.

Gloria Ray Karlmark.

-Attended Central High for her junior year but when all the high schools in Little Rock closed she moved out of state to Kansas City, Missouri. After high school she attended Illinois Institute of Technology and received a Bachelors degree in science, chemistry, and mathematics. Later she joined a team of scientists in Sweden and worked as a system analyst and technical writer.

Carlotta Walls LaNier.

After the crisis her family was having a hard time finding work and money because of the situation surrounding her. The moved to Denver, Colorado and LaNeir later graduated from Colorado State University. She founded LaNier and Company, which is a real estate brokerage company. She has worked in real estate for over 30 years and still currently does.

Thelma Mothershed.

After the Little Rock Crisis Mothershed attended Southern Illinois University and got her masters degree in Guidance and Counseling and an Administrative certificate in Education. She later taught home economics in the East St. Louis schools system for 28 years before retiring in 1994.

Terrence Roberts.

Attended multiple colleges after high school and obtained his bachelors degree in sociology, a masters degree in social welfare, and a PhD in psychology. Later became the director of mental health services at St. Helena Hospital and Health Center. He later became the CEO of his own management-consulting firm before retiring in 2008.

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The Little Rock Nine were a group of nine African American students who enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock crisis, which was a movement to initially not allow the students into the racially segregated school. The crisis was started by Orval Faubus, the governer of Arkansas