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His goal was not met. Bill failed.

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James S. Coleman, of Johns Hopkins University led study on majority vs minority students' educational achievements. Conclusions:
1.  Difference in resources only slightly related to difference in achievement
2.  Differences in achievements strongly related to background and aspirations.
Poorer students achieved more when put in a classroom with more privileged students.

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The public supported schooling was generally over after 3 years (unless rich enough to afford, then you can go as long as you want), but the smartest boy gets to go to boarding school (1 of 20 in the state) for free. Then the ranks are thinned until each secondary school only had one publicly supported student.
Half of the remaining students would go to William and Mary on odd numbered years, and the other half on even numbered years.

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-Common schools were Mann's idea/version of public schools
-Moral education was the heart of the curriculum
-Only moral improvements could heal the divisions caused by the social and economic changes in MA
- Mann sought to abolish the universal practice of corporal punishment
-Advocated the whole-world method of teaching reading

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-Developed the Normal Schools (Teacher training)
-Places where women could learn how to teach
-Curriculum included theories of learning, child development, pedagogy, and common school subject matter
-This training prepared women to enter the workforce in the common school
-Feminization of Teaching: women were less costly to employ
-More females were available for work

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Believed that humanity is a social species and that civic engagement and community outreach to secure the republic virtue of the students.  Creating a sense of citizenship was necessary to Thomas Jefferson, for the preservation of the liberty of the people was dependent on the people themselves.

Believed that through equal opportunities for education, those not of the aristocracy would be able to compete with aristocrats for jobs and leadership roles.  He believed that should everyone be educated, the true leaders of the country would come to light and the "artificial aristocracy" would have to compete for authority and not be born into it.

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-schools were officially desegregated in 1954, but implementing that decision proved to be very difficult
- school systems refused to desegregate
- Charlotte, N.C: attempted to redraw sub-district lines to fight racially exclusive characters
- Denver, CO: Supreme Court found that they had pursued policies of zoning, selection of school sites, and school staffing that influenced racially segregated education
- Detroit, Michigan: refused to allow largely black schools within their districts.

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sought to persuade the American public that there was real crisis in American education, and that the solution to that educational crisis shall become the major educational objective of the area

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-League of United Latin American Citizens was formed to combat discrimination.
-1973 was when Mexican American children we desegregated.
-Bilingual education movement came about in 1960's  due to the fact that spanish speaking children were being taught in english speaking schools.
-1974 the supreme court sanctioned bilingual schooling in Lau v Nichols
-The idea of bilingual classes being linked with bicultural classes was also brought up
American Indians
-Always been conflict between American Indian ideals and American Politics

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Bill #79: The Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge.

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Bill #79: The Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge.

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"Whereas it appeareth that however certain forms of government are better calculated than others to protect individuals in the free exercise of their natural rights, and are at the same time themselves better guarded against degeneracy"
Described a setup of government sponsored schools which separated who goes to which school where, by  residency and natural barriers
"At every of these schools shall be taught reading, writing, and common arithmetick"
"In these grammar schools shall be taught the Latin and Greek languages, English grammar, geography, and the higher part of numerical arithmetick"

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proposed by Kennedy administration, aided by his assassination.  Among the rights was that of  schools in black neighborhoods could no longer be denied federal funding just because of their district.

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wanted to divide the counties into "wards" that would each have an elementary school (paid for by the people) that "all free children" (boys and girls) would be able to go to free of charge. This school would teach them basic literacy, study of ancient and modern history (to improve moral and civic virtues, as well as make them aware of their rights and duties), and arithmetic.

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Kindergarten- bridge between family life and elementary school
Elementary- lock-step throughout the grades
Junior High- offered pre-vocational subjects and differentiated students based on backgrounds and presumed futures
High- served as an agency of social cohesion
Junior College- Allowed for people to regroup for a second try
College- utilitarian training ground for middle and upper classes.

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The National Commission on Excellence in Education: A Nation At Risk

Coalition: Diane Ravitch identified problems mid-1970s that traced back to the "Progressive Education" movement.

The Manufactured Crisis: indicated what the authors thought was taking place in the wake of A Nation at Risk.

Cultural Literacy:
E. D. Hirsch in 1987 criticized Progressive era of Dewey and Rousseau.
Hirsch... shared knowledge - cultural literacy - is the "oxygen of social intercourse".
Mainstream Knowledge, sparked controversy

The Schools We Need and Why We Don't Have Them, E. D. Hirsch in 1996

America 2000

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- Child-centered teaching more democratic relations between teachers and admin
- With change happening in economic, political, and social life, enrollment increased with these progressive happenings.
- an extension of educational opportunity, expansion and reorganization of the curriculum, addition to the extracurriculum

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-Mann attended Brown University where he studied to become a lawyer
- Mann became the
Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education
-Mann's school reform activities can be seen to represent the essence of the common school movement
-earned the title of "Father of the Common School"

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-Desired equal opportunity for those from "undistinguished" families instead of the "artificial aristocracy." In his mind, this was the future of American public education.
-His "crusade against ignorance" was considered radical for the time, considering he valued children from all families' ability to succeed.

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- Seen as a movement that was marked from the beginning by a pluralistic, frequently contradictory character
- Progressive education revolves around:
1. change and political control of eduaction
2. change in educational thought
3. innovation in school curriculum and other school policies
4. justifications in professionalism in schools
5. the importing of scientific management into school administration
- Administrative progressivism focuses on changes that happen with school organization and management