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Pro 1 [[[[

Construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline will help the economy and create thousands of Jobs. Building the pipeline is expected to create 8,000 to 12,000 new jobs and pump money into industries that manufacture steel pipes and other related materials. 2] A Georgetown professor estimated that construction will add $129 million in annual tax revenue into local and state economies during construction. 27] Once the pipeline is operational, North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, and Illinois may earn $50 million annually in property taxes and $74 million in sales taxes. 27] The increased revenue would improve schools, roads, and emergency services in those areas. Moving oil by pipeline instead of railroad will ease transportation shortages for other major regional industries including agriculture. 2]

Con 1 [[[

The Dakota Access Pipeline threatens the water supply of the Standing Rock Sioux and millions of people downstream. The Dakota Access Pipeline was originally slated to cross under the Missouri river north of Bismarck, the state's capital. However, DAPL was re-routed south of the city, half-mile upstream from the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation, due to concerns that a pipeline break could poison the city's water source. 15] A pipeline spill would imperil the drinking water of not just the Standing Rock Tribe, but also millions of people downstream. Clean Water Act, adding further concerns about the safety of the pipeline. 14] The construction of the pipeline was fast-tracked using a process called Nationwide Permit No. 12, exempting it from environmental reviews required by the 16]

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Pro 2

Construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline will help the United States to become more energy independent. There are 2.5 million miles of oil and gas pipelines currently running through the United States. US dependence on foreign energy, which in turn bolsters national security and creates leverage to push for human rights improvements in oil-producing nations. 23] Reducing oil imports from the Middle East, Russia, and elsewhere lowers 30] Oil imports account for nearly two-thirds of the US annual trade deficit, but North Dakota's 251% increase in oil production since 2010 can significantly cut back on the billions of dollars leaving the US economy. oil production in his 2013 State of the Union speech, saying, "After years of talking about it, we are finally poised to control our own energy future." 29] President Obama spoke about increased domestic 30] The pipeline is considered a big step in that direction.

Con 2 [[[[[

The Dakota Access Pipeline is being built on sacred land guaranteed to the Oceti Sakowin (Sioux) by treaty. Under the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie, the land that the pipeline is being built on is still the unceded and sovereign territory of the Oceti Sakowin (Sioux Nation). 17] As such, the Standing Rock Sioux should have been consulted before the pipeline was approved. 14] The Army Corps of Engineers said that "additional discussion and analysis are warranted in light of the history of the Great Sioux Nation's dispossessions of lands." 13] According to Ladonna Brave Bull Allard, Standing Rock Tribal Historian and director of the Camp of the Sacred Stones, the pipeline contractors are ignoring "pending legal action taken by the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe and other Oceti Sakowin tribes," "treaty law," and the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. 18] Construction of the pipeline has already damaged sacred burial sites and other culturally significant areas. 19]

Pro 3 [[[[[

The Dakota Access Pipeline will make transporting oil from North Dakota to major refining markets safer, more cost effective, and more environmentally friendly. A review of US Department of Transportation statistics proved that "pipelines result in fewer spillage incidents and personal injuries than road and rail," according to the Manhattan Institute. 33] Transferring oil by pipeline is less likely to result in spills or accidents, avoiding incidents like the May 2015 derailment of a train carrying crude oil that resulted in a fiery crash and forced the evacuation of a North Dakota town. 34] Kelcy Warren, CEO of the company building the DAPL, told PBS NewsHour, "This pipeline is being built to safety standards that far exceed what the government requires us to do." 31] Pipelines reduce transportation costs by $5 to $10 per barrel of oil, and have a lower carbon footprint than trains or trucks. 35] 36]

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Con 3

The Dakota Access Pipeline will worsen climate change by pumping hundreds of thousands of gallons of shale oil to market daily. If completed, the DAPL would carry 470,000 - 570,000 barrels of Bakken shale oil to market. 2] The extracted oil, once processed, transported, and burned, would release 101.4 million metric tons of CO2 each year. This is the equivalent of the emissions from 29.5 coal plants or 21.4 million cars per year. 21] A peer-reviewed study found that a global rise in atmospheric ethane, a greenhouse gas, can be traced largely to hydraulic fracking in the North Dakota Bakken shale oil fields. climate change, we should not be building new oil pipelines that lock us into burning fossil fuels for generations to come." 20] According to US Senator Bernie Sanders, "if we have any hope of avoiding the worst consequences of 22]

Source: inhabitat, assets.inhabitat.com (accessed Nov. 23, 2016)

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In July 2016 the US Army Corps of Engineers granted the final permits for pipeline construction to Dakota Access, the subsidiary of Energy Transfer Partners building the pipeline. In response the Standing Rock Sioux filed a lawsuit in federal district court alleging multiple violations of federal law during the permitting process. 12] However, construction of the pipeline began as scheduled, so the tribe filed a request for a preliminary injunction to halt construction until their court case was decided. On Aug. 10, 2016, a coalition of Native American tribes and other activists began a blockade of the pipeline to prevent continued construction. 3]

As news spread of the blockade, hundreds of people began arriving at the original Sacred Stone Camp. A larger camp, known as the Oceti Sakowin Camp, was formed to house thousands of new supporters. Representatives from 300 Native American tribes, along with other allies, have joined the Standing Rock Sioux to demand the pipeline construction be halted. 2]

Since the blockade began, a series of escalating confrontations have occurred between pipeline opponents, many of whom call themselves "water protectors," and various private, local, and state law enforcement agents who have been protecting the pipeline and trying to prevent disruption of the construction.

On Sep. 3 a major escalation occurred when private security working for Dakota Access used dogs and pepper spray on a group of Native Americans and allies who had walked onto an active pipeline construction site to disrupt operations. 4] Another major confrontation occurred on Oct. 28, when over 300 police officers in riot gear, accompanied by armored vehicles, moved in to clear an encampment and road barricades that had been set up to prevent construction of a section of the pipeline. 5] 6]

On Sep. 9 the Standing Rock Tribe's request for a preliminary injunction to halt construction was denied. In response, the Department of Justice, the Department of the Army, and the Department of the Interior issued a joint statement pausing construction of the pipeline, pending further review, on the federal land bordering the area where the pipeline is to be bored beneath the Missouri River. Although the government requested that Dakota Access voluntarily stop work 20 miles east or west of the Missouri River, the company continued with construction. 11]

On Nov. 14 the Army Corps review concluded that permission to construct the pipeline "on or under Corps land" bordering the Missouri River could not occur until further review was undertaken, and encouraged the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe's involvement in the process. 1] In response, Dakota Access filed a lawsuit against the Army Corp of Engineers and continued with construction of the pipeline on lands not under the jurisdiction of the Army Corps. 12]

On Sunday, Nov. 20, a major clash occurred between law enforcement and 400 people trying to remove a road barricade set up by law enforcement to block traffic on Highway 1806 near the Oceti Sakowin encampment. Nearly 300 people were treated for injuries, some life threatening, and 26 people were taken to area hospitals. One woman, Sophia Wilansky, sustained severe injuries to her arm that may require an amputation. 7] 8] 9] The woman's father alleges that she was hurt by a concussion grenade thrown by police, but law enforcement says that claim is false.

According to the Morton County Sheriff 's Department, since protest activity against the pipeline began, at least 473 individuals have been arrested. 10]

Footnotes:

John Frittelli, Anthony Andrews, Paul W. Parfomak, Robert Pirog, Jonathan L. Ramseur, and Michael Ratner, "U.S. Rail Transportation of Crude Oil: Background and Issues for Congress," Congressional Research Service website, Dec. 4, 2014

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Dakota Access Pipeline: Top 3 Pros and Cons - ProCon.org

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Pro 1 [[[[ Construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline will help the economy and create thousands of Jobs. Building the pipeline is expected to create 8,000 to 12,000 new jobs and pump money into industries that manufacture steel pipes and other related materials.

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Binding Supplemental Open Season

Dakota Access, LLC ("Dakota Access") and Energy Transfer Crude Oil Company, LLC ("ETCO") are pleased to announce a Binding Supplemental Open Season ("Open Season") to solicit additional shipper commitments for transportation service from the Bakken/Three Forks play in North Dakota to storage terminals located in Patoka, Illinois and Nederland, Texas through their respective pipeline systems (collectively, the "Bakken Pipeline System"). Dakota Access and ETCO anticipate that incremental capacity on the Bakken Pipeline System will be determined based on committed subscriptions made by shippers during the Open Season in addition to commitments already received for future capacity during the previous open season that concluded in December 2018.

The Open Season provides interested parties with the opportunity for transportation service from the Bakken/Three Forks play to destinations in and around Patoka, Illinois or Nederland, Texas through a commitment to the Bakken Pipeline System. Learn more ->

Benefits

The Dakota Access Pipeline has helped bolster production in the Bakken, currently moving approximately 40% of the Bakken's oil output per day. It has also helped to improve the region's drilling economics by lowering transportation costs for operators, and is providing a safer means of transportation over truck or rail.

Increased domestic crude oil production translates into greater energy security, lower trade deficit, and boosted economic growth. Pipelines enable the crude oil to safely reach refining and manufacturing markets where it can be used to make all of the products that Americans use every day.

The Dakota Access Pipeline created approximately 8,000 to 12,000 jobs during construction. It put highly skilled union mechanics, electricians, pipefitters, heavy equipment operators and others within the heavy construction industry to work. Local economies benefited from workers using hotels, motels, restaurants and other services.

And since the start of operation, the pipeline has been paying millions in property taxes to states each year. These tax dollars have been used to support schools, hospitals, emergency services and other critical ongoing needs. We remain an active member of the communities the pipeline traverses, which is a core aspect of our business. Learn more ->

Update

As of June 2019, Energy Transfer has begun filing and making notifications to states about plans to optimize the existing Dakota Access Pipeline to accommodate additional volumes of crude oil.

Optimizing the Dakota Access Pipeline to accommodate increased volumes can easily be done by adding horsepower along with a few modifications and upgrades at pump stations along the existing line. There will be no mainline construction or additional pipe needed.

Optimizing capacity will enable further development in the Bakken which means more jobs and economic benefits for local communities. Learn more ->

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Binding Supplemental Open Season Dakota Access, LLC ("Dakota Access") and Energy Transfer Crude Oil Company, LLC ("ETCO") are pleased to announce a Binding Supplemental Open Season ("Open Season") to solicit additional shipper commitments for transportation service from the Bakken/Three Forks play in North Dakota to storage terminals located in Patoka, Illinois and Nederland, Texas through their respective pipeline systems (collectively, the "Bakken Pipeline System").

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The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, represented by Earthjustice from 2016 to 2022, sued the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for violating the National Historic

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Standing Rock Asks Court to Shut Down Dakota Access Pipeline as Company Plans to Double Capacity - Inside Climate News

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The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe is asking a judge to throw out a federal permit for the Dakota Access oil pipeline, arguing that the government shut the tribe out of a court-ordered second environmental review and ignored its concerns. The challenge comes as Energy Transfer, the company behind the pipeline, is now seeking to double […]

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Citing - How to Cite in Chicago/Turabian Style: A Three Minute Tutorial