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Salmonella

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Leprosy

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Leprosy

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Syphilis

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Malaria

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Smallpox

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Cold sores

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Herpes cannot be cured, but the blisters can be removed by taking aciclovir

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Chicken pox

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Polio

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Check out 10 of the deadliest diseases in human history. Regardless of the era, humans have always had to deal with deadly diseases. Here are 10 of the deadliest diseases in human history. Number 10 - Outbreaks of infectious smallpox persisted for 10,000 years.

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Ringworm CAM

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Published on

1. 1. HUMAN DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES

2. 2. * When a cell is infected with a virus several effects may be seen. * Many viruses cause no harm or disease but some may attack certain cells and multiply within them. * Once mature the daughter viruses break the cell and spread elsewhere. * If the host immunity operates effectively the virus infected cell may be killed by the host.

3. 3. * Spread of virus occurs through different routes:- Skin contact- HPV (warts) Animal bite - rabies Sexually - herpes 1 & 2 , hepatitis B * A viral disease occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses and infectious viral particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells.

4. 4. * Common viral diseases include :- Chickenpox Flu (influenza ) Herpes HIV/AIDS Infectious mononucleosis Mumps , measles and rubella Rabies

5. 5. ACQUIRED IMMUNO DEFICIENCY SYNDROME * AIDS is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. * Following initial infection , a person may experience a brief period of influenza like illness. * This is followed by a prolonged period without symptoms. * As infection progresses , it interfere more and more with the immune system.

6. 6. *SYMPTOMS a) Acute infection oInitial period. oIndividuals develop an influenza like illness or a mononucleosis like illness 2-4 weeks post exposure. oSymptoms include fever , large tender lymph nodes , throat inflammation , rash , head ache , sores of mouth.

7. 7. b) Clinical latency oAsymptomatic / chronic HIV oNear the end of this stage people experience fever , weight loss , gastrointestinal problems and muscle pain. c) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome oIt is defined in terms of either a CD4+ T cell count below 200μL or occurrence of specific diseases in association with HIV infection. oThe most common initial conditions that alert the presence are pnemocystic pneumonia ,oesophageal candidiasis .

8. 8. *VIROLOGY oHIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects components of human immune system such as CD4+ T cells , macrophages and dendritic cells. oIt directly and indirectly destroys CD4+ T cells.

9. 9. *TRANSMISSION Unprotected sexual intercourse Contaminated blood transfusions Hypodermic needles From mother to child during pregnancy , delivery or breast feeding. Body fluids like saliva tears do not transmit HIV.

10. 10. *TREATMENT There is currently no cure or effective HIV vaccine. Treatment consists of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) which slows down the progression. HAART:- * Combinations of at least 3 medications. * A Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)and two nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inibitor (NRTIs).

11. 11. SMALLPOX * Infectious disease caused by either of two virus variants ,Variola major and Variola minor. * Infection is focused in small blood vessels of the skin and in the mouth and throat. * In the skin it results in a characteristic maculopapular rash and later raised fluid- filled blisters.

12. 12. *SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS a) Ordinary * Macules(rash) raised papules fluid filled vesicles  pustules Mature fluid leaks deflate & dry up depigmented scars. b) Modified * Less severe * Lesions fewer and evolve more quickly and may not show typical characteristics of smallpox.

13. 13. c) Malignant * Lesions remains almost flush with the skin. * Rash on tongue and palate is extensive. * Vesicles contain little fluid. d) Hemorrhagic * Severe form. * Extensive bleeding into skin , mucous membrane and gastrointestinal tracts. * Occurrence is mostly in adults.

14. 14. *VIROLOGY oIt is caused by the infection with variola virus. oVirus infects only humans in nature.

15. 15. *TRANSMISSION oInhalation of airborne variola virus. oFace-to-face contact with infected person. oDirect contact with infected bodily fluids and contaminated objects. *TREATMENT oVaccination within 3 days of exposure prevent or lessen severity. oWound care , infection control , fluid-therapy. oAnti-viral drugcidofovir (therapeutic agent).

16. 16. RABIES * A viral disease that causes acute inflammation of brain in humans and warm-blooded animals. * Caused by lyssaviruses including rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. * The virus travels to the brain following peripheral nerves. * The disease can only be diagnosed after the start of symptoms.

17. 17. *SYMPTOMS oViolent movements oUncontrolled excitement oFear of water oInability to move body parts oConfusion oLoss of consciousness

18. 18. * HYDROPHOBIA oSet of symptoms in the later stages of disease. oThe person has difficulty swallowing , shows panic when presented with liquids to drink and can not quench thirst. oSalivary production is greatly increased. oAttempts to drink causes painful spasms of the muscles in throat and larynx.

19. 19. *TRANSMISSION oMost animals can be infected by the virus and can transmit it to humans. oInfected bats, monkeys, foxes, cattle, dogs and cats present the greatest risk to humans. oThe route of infection is usually by a bite. oTransmission between humans is rare.

20. 20. *TREATMENT oThoroughly washing the wound as soon as possible with soap and water for 5 minutes reduce the number of viral particles. oPovidone-iodine or alcohol is recommended further. oOne dose of human rabies immunoglobulin(HRIG) and four doses of rabies vaccine over a 14-day period.

21. 21. MEASLES * Also known as morbilli, rubeola , red measles . * Highly contagious disease caused by measles virus. * It is an airborne disease which spreads through coughs and sneezes. * It may also be spread through contact with saliva or nasal secretions.

22. 22. *SYMPTOMS oInitial symptoms include fever, cough, runny nose and red eyes. oAfter 2-3 days small white spots may form inside the mouth known as Koplik's spots. oRed flat rashes starts on the face and then spreads to rest of the body. oComplications include diarrhea, blindness, inflammation of the brain and pneumonia.

23. 23. 4 day measles rash

24. 24. *TREATMENT oAntibiotics for pneumonia, sinusitis and bronchitis. oIbuprofen or paracetamol for fever and pain. oFast acting medications to dilate airways for coughing. oUse of vit A during treatment to decrease the risk of blindness.

25. 25. SWINE FLU * Swine influenza, also called pig influenza, swine flu, hog flu and pig flu, is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses. * SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3. * Swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide.

26. 26. H1N1 influenza virus

27. 27. *SYMPTOMS oSymptoms include fever, sore throat, watery eyes, body aches, shortness of breath, headache, weight loss, sneezing, abdominal pain, lack of appetite and fatigue. oThe most common cause of death is respiratory failure. oOther causes of death are pneumonia high fever, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and kidney failure.

28. 28. *TREATMENT oAntiviral drugs can make the illness milder and make the patient feel better faster. oBeside antivirals, supportive care at home or in a hospital focuses on controlling fevers, relieving pain and maintaining fluid balance, as well as identifying and treating any secondary infections or other medical problems.

29. 29. BIRD FLU * Bird flu, or avian influenza, is a viral infection spread from bird to bird. * H5N1 is a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. * It is deadly to humans and to other mammals that catch the virus from birds. * People catch bird flu by close contact with birds or bird droppings.

30. 30. *SYMPTOMS ofever (above 38 C or 100.4 F), ocough sore throat, omuscle aches onausea ovomiting odiarrhea oheadache ojoint pain oinsomnia oeye infections.

31. 31. *TREATMENT oresting odrinking plenty of fluids and eating healthily. otaking medication to help treat fever and pain, such as aspirin and paracetamol. oOseltamivir , Zanamivir and Peramivir help reduce the severity of the condition, prevent complications and improve the chances of survival.

32. 32. SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS) * Viral respiratory disease caused by corona virus. * Infection causes acute respiratory distress. * Lead to pneumonia. * Transmission is through infected droplets spraying to air by coughing or sneezing. SARS corona virus

33. 33. *TREATMENT oAntibiotics to treat bacteria that cause pneumonia. oHigh doses of steroids to reduce swelling in lungs. oOxygen , breathing support or chest therapy.

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viral diseases of human prepared by hasna

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Published on 1. HUMAN DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES 2. * When a cell is infected with a virus several effects may be seen. * Many viruses cause no harm or disease but some may attack certain cells and multiply within them. * Once mature the daughter viruses break the cell and spread elsewhere.

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LP
Worms

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Bacteria

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Single called organisms

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Pathogen bacteria

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- [Voiceover] Of the many sexually transmitted infections, or STIs, gonorrhea is the second most common. The most common STI is chlamydia. Chlamydia, and we'll talk more about chlamydia later. Right now, let's focus on gonorrhea and why these two happen together. These two diseases often occur together for two reasons. First, they have similar risk factors, which include things like having multiple sexual partners and/or having frequent unprotected sex. The other reason is that infection with one of these bugs makes your body susceptible to a second infection by dampening the immune system. So I promise we'll go into more detail about chlamydia later, but for now let's talk more about gonorrhea. It's caused by a bug referred to as neisseria gonorrhoeae, and the reason why we call gonorrhea a sexually transmitted infection is because it undergoes this process referred to as transmission where it moves from one person to another by several mechanisms. Most commonly, gonorrhea will be transmitted through sex, which can include oral sex, vaginal sex, or even anal sex. Another important mechanism of transmission includes childbirth and we'll talk more about the outcomes of that in a minute, so these are the main ways that gonorrhea can be transmitted. Let's move this off to the side and let's focus instead on my poor friend over here who's going to have all the different signs and symptoms a person can get with gonorrhea. Now because we said the main way gonorrhea spreads from one person to the other is by sex, let's start by focusing on signs and symptoms at our sexual organs. So here you can see on the left I have female genitalia drawn out and on the right side, we have male genitalia drawn here. If we were to imagine our gonorrhea infection, so I'll use this as sort of a way to mimic gonorrhea as it spreads, perhaps you can have a female infecting a male with gonorrhea and so, because the penis is used during sex, that can actually seed or spread up the urethra. This yellow line here, that is your urethra. We'll go into this in more detail in another video but the gonorrhea bacteria will latch on to the walls in your urethra. Your urethra is lined by epithelial cells, and so this bacterium will enter those cells. That will trigger an immune response. Your white blood cells will detect that something is wrong and they'll come up to the urethra through the blood stream to attack wherever the gonorrhea has spread. So if the gonorrhea has only entered a single epithelial cell in your urethra, it'll cause that cell to die in a process that's referred to as apoptosis. Maybe you've heard of it. It's where the body specifically decides to kill a cell because it's doing something wrong or it's been infected like in this case. Now in the ideal world, the white blood cell will kill off this one epithelial cell in the urethra that's been infected and we'd be done with the infection, but often times there are multiple organisms that kind of spread along the urethral tract, which cause more white blood cells to come from the blood stream to attack the bacteria or the cells that are infected and as a result you get inflammation. Inflammation of the urethra causing things like pain when you urinate, maybe some burning that's there as well, and general discomfort. Because of the bacterium, your urethra will cause you a lot of pain and you've got what's referred to as urethritis. If the gonorrhea spreads up here to your prostate, this pink thing is your prostate, you can get what's called prostatitis, and this inflammatory process that's occurring along the way causes white blood cells that may die and epithelial cells that will also go undergo apoptosis with some of the gonorrheal bacteria to sluff off and fall through and come out from the urethral meatus or the end of the penis. And you can actually see pus coming out of the penis. Now just like the epithelial cells within your urethra, gonorrhea can also effect the epithelial cells that line the anus or even higher up here in the rectum. As a result, you might not see pus coming out from the anus, and instead you might see infections of the cells that line the anus or of the anus. So this skin infection you'd see here are referred to as pustules. Pustules. Again, that's from the gonorrheal bacteria infecting the epithelial cells of the anus. You can also have pustules occur in the female, so let's label that right here as well as urethritis, but because of the difference in anatomy between the male and the female, you may also see an infection of the vagina, or vaginitis. More commonly though, infected women will have pain during sex because of pressure that's put on the cervix due to the gonorrhea that's spread there causing cervicitis. Cervicitis. Gonorrhea can spread even further up from the cervix through the uterus and actually come out the fallopian tubes to cause an infection within the pelvic cavity, which is why it's called pelvic inflammatory disease. Pelvic inflammatory disease, or PID. Now from the genital tract, gonorrhea can spread into the blood stream and go elsewhere in the body and quite classically, it goes to your joints like the knee over here to cause arthritis by infecting the joint capsule, so down below here you can see the joint capsule. Here's bone, here's articular cartilage, and this is sonovial fluid or just some fluid in between the two bones in the joint. So if gonorrhea spreads here, think about what else is gonna come right after it. White blood cells. Remember, they're going to come chasing after the gonorrhea and they're going to cause inflammation and if you notice in this picture, there's not a lot of space between the two sets of articular cartilage and the bones here. If too many white blood cells get into the sonovial cavity, and cause inflammation, you're going to have a more difficult time using that joint which leads to pain in the knee and difficulty walking. Left untreated, gonorrhea can also spread to the central nervous system. Gonorrhea can infect the lining around the brain and the spinal cord. This lining is referred to as the meninges; the meninges. An infection of the meninges is referred to as meningitis. Menigitis. Unfortunately, gonorrheal menigitis is more common in children than it is adults. Speaking of children, I mentioned earlier that you can spread gonorrhea through childbirth. An infected mother can spread the infection if undetected to her child and very early on, you would know if a child is infected with gonorrhea if they look like this. You'll notice that the baby may have this very signature crusting of the eyes that's referred to as gonococcal opthalmia, which is just to say that you have an opthalmic or an eye infection of gonorrhea. This baby can also have a variety of other issues related to the gonorrhea, such as menigitis, as we talked about or even pneumonia, which is why neisseria gonorrhoeae or gonococcus as one of the bugs pregnant women are often screened for and treated for before they give birth to decrease the odds of this sort of thing happening.

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Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.

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Not all bacteria are bad

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PANDEMIC (or global epidemic) is a disease that affects people over an extensive geographical area.

•A young girl infected with smallpox (1973) eradicated in 1979 – killed 60m Europeans in the 18th  century (30% died , 33% blinded)

•Plague from 541 to 750, killed between 50% and 60% of Europe's population.

•Black Death  (1347 to 1352) killed 25 million in Europe over 5 years.  Reduced the  world population from 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in the 14th century.

•The introduction of smallpox, measles, and typhus to the areas of Central and South America by European explorers during the 15th and 16th centuries caused pandemics among the native inhabitants. Eg Mexico 1518 and 1568 the population to fall from 20 m to 3 m

•The first European ’flu epidemic (1556 – 1560) with a mortality rate of 20%.

•19th century - tuberculosis killed around ne-quarter of the adult population of Europe (by 1918 one in six deaths in France were still caused by TB.)

•Influenza Pandemic of 1918 killed 25-50 million people (about 2% of world population )

•Today influenza kills about 250,000 to 500,000 worldwide each year.

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Mary was a cook who spread Typhoid Fever to several families. 53 people in all, 3 of whom died.

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•75% of the world’s population is infected with an intestinal worm of some sort

•Roundworm - 1.47 billion people

•Hookworm - 1.05 billion people

•Whipworm - 1.30 billion people,

•100 million people may experience stunting or wasting as a result of infection