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- HEAD
- THORAX; 3 pairs of legs (6 legs in total)
- ABDOMEN

EXOSKELETON
- Hardened into plates called sclerites. Sclerites are joined by a soft, membranous cuticle that allows movement  between parts.

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- Many have a brain and a longitudinal pair of nerve cords & segmental ganglia projecting into various structures
- All synapses between neurons occur in the ganglia
- Transfer info in insects neurons occurs in the same way as many other animals
- To ensure the right economic environment a “blood-brain barrier” known as the perineurium separates the central nervous system from the blood (sodium and potassium)

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No lungs
Takes in O₂ and exhales CO2
Has a tracheal system: A network of tubes that branch everywhere in the body
Spiracles help with gas exchange
- openings on the sides of the body
- normally 2 pairs on the thorax; 7-8 on abdomen
- A filtering device to help prevent H₂O, parasites, and dust from entering the tracheal system
Tracheae branch out into fluid-filled tracheoles

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Open System
Blood from the heart leaves via dorsal aorta & is sent to open spaces in the hemocoel
Pulsatory Organs & body movements help the hemolymph into wings or legs
Hemolymph has little role in 0₂ transport in most insects but hemoglobin occurs in the hemolymph of some species; particularly aquatic species & does function to transport 02

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Insects have a complete Digestive System (mouth -> anus)
3 major regions:
Foregut
- Lined with chitin (makes up their exoskeleton)
- Includes a crop & gizzard
Midgut
- No Kidneys but they have Malpighian tubules to remove metabolic waste
- Enzymatic Digestion
- Ceca secretes these enzymes
Hindgut
- Lined with chitin (makes up their exoskeleton)
- Waste excreted here
- Rectal glands reabsorb chloride, sodium, and water

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INTERNAL STRUCTURE

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- 11 or fewer segments
- Midgut, malphigian

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- 3 Main Parts
Prothorax (the top is called Pronutum)
Mesothorax; the forewing is attached here
Metathorax; Hindwing is attached here
Foregut is in the thorax
LEGS
All the pairs of legs are attached to the thorax, each pair to each segment of thorax
Legs can be heavily modified
Segments of the legs:
Proximal -> Distal
- Coxa
- Trochanter
- Femur
- Tibia
- Tarsus
- Claws

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The sclerite plates of the of the head form a capsule from which emerges a pair of sensory antennae bounded laterally by two large compound eyes and three smaller simple eyes (ocelli) arranged around the antennae.
- Two sets of eyes

- Ocelli(simple eyes): are photoreceptors.
- Compound eyes: Sees shapes, colors & different directions. Principle organs of vision.
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MOUTH
- Is located centrally between the mandibles and maxillae.
- 5 mouthparts:
Labrum: Upper Lip. Is bordered laterally by a pair of mandibles.
Hypopharynx: An internal structure; a tongue-like structure
Maxilla: A way for them to grab their food; also a way to taste or smell
Mandible: A way for them to grip their food

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EXTERNAL STRUCTURE