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Guidelines for the Sexual Health Education Component of Comprehensive Health Education

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Why teach sexuality education in school? Teacher discretion in implementing comprehensive sexuality education in rural Zambia

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When Sex Ed Discusses Gender Inequality, Sex Gets Safer

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Are you sure with the title na po/proposal? Contraceotives and sexual education for men don s sub titile nyo, ano po ibig nyo sabihin don? U are petitioning to have sex education for men? Enlighten me po...

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All men of the Philippines
Department of Education

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who is your main target recipient po... may govt agency p ba or all men po?

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who is your main target recipient po... may govt agency p ba or all men po?

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This is a good topic but against po yata s rel ed subject nyo since na nsa catholic school kau :) just make sure that you cite sources to back up your petition okay..

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This is a good topic but against po yata s rel ed subject nyo since na nsa catholic school kau :) just make sure that you cite sources to back up your petition okay..

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Women currently bear most of the financial and health-related burdens of contraception. On the whole, female methods tend to be more expensive than male methods because most require at least one physician visit, and some involve a renewable prescription. Currently many insurance plans do not cover contraception.

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Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

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Contraceptive Justice: Why We Need a Male Pill

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A more just sharing of the responsibility for contraception can only be achieved through the development of male birth control methods and reconceptualizing responsibility for contraception as shared between men and women.

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Sex-ed courses tends to hyper-focus on the girls. “Girls are the ones who have babies,” says Victoria Jennings, director of the Institute for Reproductive Health at Georgetown University, whose research has shown there are globally more programs developed to help young girls navigate their sexuality than to help boys. Hence the cycle of booming pregnancies.

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Here’s what kids need to know — and how parents can tell them

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Women’s Birth control such as oral contraceptives might lead to dangerous side effects such as depression and hypertension

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We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Here's our process.

The oral contraceptive pill is a hormonal method of preventing pregnancy. Side effects are common, and they vary from person to person.

The pill is a type of birth control. It works by preventing the body from producing an egg, which means that there is nothing for sperm to fertilize, and pregnancy cannot occur.

Birth control pills can also help with irregular, painful, or heavy periods, endometriosis, acne, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS).

The specific side effects vary widely among individuals, and different pills cause different side effects. Some common side effects include spotting, nausea, breast tenderness, and headaches.

There are two main types of birth control bill. Combination pills contain estrogen and progestin, which is a synthetic form of the natural hormone progesterone, while the mini pill contains progestin only.

This article looks at 10 common side effects of the pill, as well as its risks, long-term effects, and alternatives. It also discusses the cost of birth control pills and how to get them.

Birth control pills affect a person's hormone levels, leading to various side effects. These effects usually resolve within 2-3 months, but they can persist.

In the United States, around 12.6% of females aged 15-49 years take oral contraceptive pills. They are safe for most females to use.

If the side effects last for a long time or are very uncomfortable, it is best to talk to a healthcare provider about trying a different brand or a different method of birth control.

The sections below will look at some common side effects of oral contraceptives.

1. Spotting between periods

Breakthrough bleeding, or spotting, refers to when vaginal bleeding occurs between menstrual cycles. It may look like light bleeding or brown discharge.

Spotting is the most common side effect of birth control pills. It happens because the body is adjusting to changing levels of hormones, and the uterus is adjusting to having a thinner lining.

Taking the pill as prescribed, usually every day and at the same time each day, can help prevent bleeding between periods.
Learn more about spotting and birth control here.
2. Nausea

Some people experience mild nausea when first taking the pill, but this usually subsides. Taking the pill with food or at bedtime may help.

Birth control should not make people feel sick all the time. If the nausea is severe or lasts for a few months, it is best to talk to a healthcare provider.

3. Breast tenderness

Taking birth control pills often causes the breasts to feel tender, especially soon after a person starts taking them. Wearing a supportive bra can help reduce breast tenderness.

Along with increased breast sensitivity, the hormones in the pill can make the breasts grow bigger. Learn more here.

A person should talk to their healthcare provider about severe breast pain or other breast changes, especially a new or changing breast lump.

4. Headaches and migraine

The hormones in birth control pills can cause or increase the frequency of headaches and migraine.

Changes in the female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) can trigger migraine. Symptoms can depend on the dosage and type of pill. For example, low dose pills are less likely to cause this symptom.

On the other hand, if a person's migraine is associated with PMS, taking the pill may actually reduce their symptoms.

5. Weight gain

Birth control pills often list weight gain as a possible side effect, though research has not yet confirmed this.

In theory, birth control pills could lead to increases in fluid retention or water weight. They could also lead to increases in fat or muscle mass. However, some people may instead report weight loss when taking the pill.

According to a 2017 article, there has not been enough research to confirm whether the hormones in birth control pills lead to weight gain or weight loss.

6. Mood changes

Hormones play an important role in a person's mood and emotions. Changes in hormone levels, which taking the pill may cause, can affect a person's mood.

Some research, including a 2016 study of 1 million females in Denmark, suggests a link between hormonal contraception and depression.

If a person is concerned about mood changes, they can talk to their healthcare provider. If the symptoms are linked to taking the pill, changing pills may help.
Learn more about the link between depression and birth control here.
7. Missed periods

Taking birth control pills can cause very light periods or missed periods. This is because of the hormones they contain.

Depending on the type of birth control, people can use the pill to safely skip a period. Learn more here.

If a person suspects that they may be pregnant, it is best to take a pregnancy test. The birth control pill is very effective, but pregnancies can occur - especially with improper use.

Many factors can cause a late or missed period, including:

Learn about the possible causes of late periods and some reasons that birth control causes missed periods here.

8. Decreased libido

The pill can affect sex drive, or libido, in some people. This is due to hormonal changes.

Other people might experience an increased libido by, for example, removing any concerns they may have had about pregnancy and easing any symptoms of PMS.

9. Vaginal discharge

Changes in vaginal discharge may occur when taking the pill. This may be an increase or a decrease in vaginal lubrication or a change in the nature of the discharge.

If the pill causes vaginal dryness and a person wants to engage in sexual activity, using lubrication can help make this more comfortable.

These changes are not usually harmful, but alterations in color or odor could point to an infection.
Learn about what the different colors of vaginal discharge indicate here.
10. Eye changes

Some research has linked hormonal changes due to the pill with a thickening of the cornea in the eyes. This does not suggest a higher risk of eye disease, but it may mean that contact lenses no longer fit comfortably.

People who wear contact lenses can talk to their ophthalmologist if they notice any changes in their vision or lens tolerance.

The pill is safe for most females to use. However, research has linked its use with certain risks. Therefore, before taking birth control pills, it is important to discuss individual risk factors with a healthcare provider.

According to the Office on Women's Health, there is evidence to suggest that taking birth control pills may raise a person's risk of blood clots and high blood pressure, or hypertension. This can lead to heart attack or stroke.

If a blood clot enters the lungs, it can cause serious damage or death. These side effects are serious but rare.

Some research suggests that birth control increases the risk of some forms of cancer and decreases the risk of others.

The pill may not be safe for people who:

A person should see a healthcare provider if the following symptoms occur, as these may indicate a serious health concern:

severe abdominal pain

chest pain, shortness of breath, or both

severe headaches

eye problems, such as blurred vision or a loss of vision

swelling or aching in the legs and thighs

Birth control pills are safe for most females to use long-term or indefinitely.

However, usage can increase the long-term risk of certain health problems. The following sections will look at these potential effects in more detail.

Cardiovascular problems

Combination pills can slightly increase the risk of serious cardiovascular problems, such as heart attack, stroke, and blood clots. The risk is higher with certain pills. A healthcare provider can advise on suitable options.

Anyone who has uncontrolled high blood pressure or a personal or family history of cardiovascular problems should ask their healthcare provider about alternative methods of contraception.

Cancer

The natural female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) affect the risk of some types of cancer. Likewise, hormone-based birth control methods can increase or decrease the risk of different cancers.

According to the National Cancer Institute, taking birth control pills can affect a person's risk of certain cancers in the following ways:

Breast cancer: The risk of breast cancer is slightly higher in people who use hormonal birth control pills than in people who have never used them.

Ovarian and endometrial cancer: These cancers seem to be less likely to occur in people who take the pill.

Cervical cancer: Taking the pill for longer than 5 years is linked with a higher risk of cervical cancer. However, most types of cervical cancer are due to the human papillomavirus.

Colorectal cancer: Taking the pill is linked to a lower risk of colorectal cancer.

For people who cannot use or do not wish to take the birth control pill, other options are available.

The effectiveness of different methods of birth control vary. With typical use, around 9 out of 100 people using birth control pills will become pregnant within a year.

It is important to note that birth control pills do not prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Only barrier methods of protection, such as condoms and dental dams, can prevent STIs.

The sections below will look at some alternative forms of contraception.

Condoms

Condoms are barrier methods of birth control. There are many types and brands. Most are made from latex, but people with a latex allergy can find polyurethane or lambskin versions.

With typical use, 18 out of 100 people who rely on male condoms for contraception will become pregnant within a year.
People can purchase condoms online here.
Diaphragms

A diaphragm is another barrier method of contraception. This is a shallow, dome shaped cup that, when a person places it in the vagina, can prevent sperm from reaching the cervix. People often use diaphragms with spermicide.

With typical use, around 12 out of 100 people who use diaphragms with spermicide will become pregnant within a year.

Vaginal rings

Vaginal rings are plastic rings that release hormones into the vagina to suppress ovulation.

To use a vaginal ring, a person can insert it for 21 days, remove it for 7 days to allow menstruation, and then insert a new ring.

As a hormonal method of birth control, the vaginal ring can have similar side effects to those of the pill.

With typical use, around 9 out of 100 people using vaginal rings will become pregnant within a year.

Intrauterine devices

Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are small devices that a healthcare provider can insert into the uterus. IUDs can be hormonal or non-hormonal. Hormonal IUDs can last between 5 and 7 years, while non-hormonal IUDs can last for up to 10 years.

With typical use, fewer than 1 out of 100 people who use an IUD will become pregnant within a year.

Hormonal IUDs can have similar side effects to those of the pill. Non-hormonal or copper IUDs can cause spotting, irregular periods, heavier periods, and worsened cramps.

The implant

The contraceptive implant is a small, plastic rod that a healthcare provider can insert into the upper arm. It releases a hormone to prevent pregnancy and can last for 3 years.

With typical use, fewer than 1 out of 100 people with the implant will become pregnant in a year.

As a hormonal method, side effects can be similar to those of the birth control pill.

Birth control injections

Birth control injections, also known as the shot, are hormonal injections that a person can receive every 3 months to prevent pregnancy.

With typical use, around 6 out of 100 people receiving these injections will become pregnant within a year.

The pill and the shot are both hormonal methods of birth control. The main differences are in the method of administration. They might also produce different side effects.

Like the pill, the shot suppresses ovulation and thickens the cervical mucus to reduce the chance of sperm reaching egg cells. It is a progestin-only contraceptive.

The shot is slightly more reliable at preventing pregnancy than the pill. This is because the user does not have to remember to take it every day. However, they must remember to get a shot every 3 months for it to be effective.

Many of the side effects are the same, including:

spotting

breast tenderness

changes in mood

headaches

missed periods

possible weight gain

Long-term use of the shot may lead to bone loss. This might increase the risk of osteoporosis and bone fracture in later life.
Learn more about the benefits and risks of the shot vs. the pill here.
According to Planned Parenthood, for most brands, one pack of birth control pills costs anywhere from $0 to $50. One pack lasts for 1 month.

People might also need to pay for an appointment with a healthcare provider before getting a prescription for birth control pills. This can cost between $35 and $250.

Most insurance companies will cover these appointments under the Affordable Care Act.

Also, most insurance companies will cover all methods of birth control, including the pill. Some plans only cover certain brands or generic forms, however. A person can speak to their insurance provider to find out which types of pill they cover.

People without health insurance may be able to cover the cost of birth control through Medicaid or another governmental program.

In the U.S., a person will need a prescription for birth control pills. Family planning clinics can provide prescriptions.

During an appointment, a healthcare provider will ask about the person's medical history and physical health to help them work out the most appropriate pill to prescribe.

In some states, a person can get a prescription online or directly from a pharmacist.

Birth control pills contain hormones that affect the body in many ways. Therefore, side effects are common.

Side effects vary widely among individuals and different types of pill. They usually ease within 2-3 months of starting to take the pill.

Each person reacts differently to each pill. A person may need to try a few different types of pill before finding the one that is right for them.

When a person stops taking the pill, their body will return to how it was before they took the pill.

If the side effects are severe, get in the way of daily life, or last for longer than 3 months, it is best to talk to a healthcare provider about trying a different brand or a different method of contraception.
Read the article in Spanish.

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Birth control pill: Side effects, risks, alternatives, and the shot

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We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Here's our process. The oral contraceptive pill is a hormonal method of preventing pregnancy. Side effects are common, and they vary from person to person.

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The future of male birth control: Who should control contraceptives?
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Planned Parenthood: REDUCING TEENAGE PREGNANCY

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The review article by Algur, Wang, Friedman and Deperthes (2018) presents systematic reviews of articles in 1990 and 2017, asserting the impact of Condom Availablity Progams (CAPs) in high school, which allows students to an easy access of condoms. Thus resulting in the increase of it's utilization and condom usage, equivalent to improved sexual health outcomes.

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Purpose

High levels of HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and pregnancy among adolescents has motivated some countries to consider the implementation of condom availability programs (CAPs) in high schools. In this present study, we analyzed the impact of CAP on students' sexual behaviors and health outcomes.

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed articles published between 1990 and 2017.

Results

Twenty-nine articles from six countries were included in this review. We found that CAP does not increase sexual activity nor lead to a greater number of sexual partners. It also does not lower the age of sexual initiation. A majority of the studies reported an increase in condom uptake and use at last sex among students with CAP. All the studies that examined STI found a decrease of STI symptoms and rates for students with CAP compared with the control group. The data on HIV rates was inconclusive. There was no difference in pregnancy rates associated with participation in CAP programs.

Conclusion

This global literature review showed that the fears surrounding CAP and promiscuity are unfounded. Once CAP is in place, students utilize it, and condom use increases, which translates to improved sexual health outcomes.

To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

References

1. UNICEF. Adolescents and young people. UNICEF 2018. Available at https://data.unicef.org/topic/hivaids/adolescents-young-people/. Accessed January 4, 2019.

2. Universal access to reproductive health: Progress and challenges.
()

3. ()

4. Sexual activity and contraceptive use among teenagers in the United States, 2011-2015.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC 2017

5. Emerging evidence, lessons and practice in comprehensive sexuality education: a global review.

2015 () ()

6. Opinions on distribution of condoms in primary and secondary schools.

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7. Condom access in South African schools: Law, policy, and practice.

: e1000006

de Bruin W.E.

Panday-Soobrayan S.

Learners' perspectives on the provision of condoms in South African public schools.

: 1529-1532

9. The benefits of school-based condom availability: Cross-sectional analysis of a comprehensive high school-based program.

: 184-188

10. Project offers counseling and condoms to Philadelphia students.

: 180

11. Do condoms in public schools affect the pregnancy rate?.

: 33

12. Sexuality education in Europe and Central Asia - state of the art and recent developments. An overview of 25 countries.

2018: 232 ()

Article Info

Publication History

Footnotes

Conflicts of interest: The authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers' bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

Identification

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.11.013

ScienceDirect
Access this article on ScienceDirect

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A Systematic Global Review of Condom Availability Programs in High Schools

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High levels of HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and pregnancy among adolescents has motivated some countries to consider the implementation of condom availability programs (CAPs) in high schools. In this present study, we analyzed the impact of CAP on students' sexual behaviors and health outcomes.

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An article by Santelli et al. (2007) states the decline of the contraceptive risk index in United States by 38% overall in teens aged 15 to 17 years old, with 86% related to improved contraceptive use. Contraceptives such as condoms, birth control pills, etc.

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Your access to the NCBI website at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov has been temporarily blocked due to a possible misuse/abuse situation involving your site. This is not an indication of a security issue such as a virus or attack. It could be something as simple as a run away script or learning how to better use E-utilities, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25497/, for more efficient work such that your work does not impact the ability of other researchers to also use our site. To restore access and understand how to better interact with our site to avoid this in the future, please have your system administrator contact info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

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Your access to the NCBI website at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov has been temporarily blocked due to a possible misuse/abuse situation involving your site. This is not an indication of a security issue such as a virus or attack.

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1. Be able to decide when and if they will father a child.
2. Protect themselves and their partners from sexually transmitted infections.
3. Lessen the number of unwanted pregnancies.
4. Reduce the mental baggage of women on men not "pulling out" or using condoms.

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Here’s your daily reminder to always practice safe sex!!
In this petition, our goal is for men to:
1. Learn the importance of using contraceptives.
2. Realize the consequences of their actions.
3. Develop their knowledge about this topic.
4. Be one with the people that wants to make a change today for a stable future :DDD

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3D4Medical.com / Getty

It's been exactly 15 years since the FDA first approved the "female condom," but it still hasn't found its niche, except perhaps in the sex trade. While engineers at Apple have already released the next iteration of the 18-month-old iPhone, a second-generation version of the lady-centric contraceptive still doesn't exist.

But the Chicago-based Female Health Company is hoping to change that. Its redesigned product is being reviewed by the FDA and, if approved, could be available for sale in the U.S. sometime next year. As a "Class 3 medical device," the female condom is held to the same rigorous FDA standards as pacemakers, heart valves and silicone breast implants, with clinical trials costing as much as $6 million. Male condoms, on the other hand, only need to pass breakage tests and are, therefore, much cheaper to produce. ( See the 50 best inventions of 2008.)

Complaints about female condoms are not so different from those about the male version: slippery, noisy, awkward, uncomfortable. "The yuck factor was a problem," Mitchell Warren, executive director of the AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition, told the New York Times last year about the device's failure to catch on. Then there's the stigma associated with buying condoms, a topic even The Golden Girls once addressed.

Then again, the history of protected sex, in the broadest sense, used to be a whole lot yuckier. Take the practice of women in ancient Egypt who resorted to using crocodile dung as a spermicide. Modern research has shown that crocodile dung actually created optimum conditions for sperm because of its alkalinity, but the sheer grossness of the practice might have worked — if only by completely ruining the mood. ( See pictures of animal attraction.)

In the 1540s, an Italian doctor named Gabriele Fallopius — the same man who discovered and subsequently named the Fallopian tubes of the female anatomy — wrote about syphilis, advocating the use of layered linen during intercourse for more "adventurous" (read: promiscuous) men. Legendary lover Casanova wrote about his pitfalls with medieval condoms made of dried sheep gut, referring to them as "dead skins" in his memoir. Even so, condoms made of animal intestine — known as "French letters" in England and la capote anglaise (English riding coats) in France — remained popular for centuries, though always expensive and never easy to obtain, meaning the devices were often reused.

In 1844 Charles Goodyear patented the process of vulcanizing rubber, inadvertently ushering in an entirely new era in contraception — condoms as thick as bicycle tires and still considered reusable. But getting one's hands on this newfangled "technology" became a whole lot harder in 1873, when Congress passed the Comstock Law, prohibiting the transportation of obscene material like prophylactics and pornography.

The 1930s saw the invention of latex as well as the invention of the first female condom in the U.S., the "Gee Bee Ring." In 1965 the Supreme Court ruled that married couples had the constitutionally protected right to contraception; in 1972 that same right was extended to unmarried couples. (Ireland prohibited condom sales until 1978, and the Catholic Church still condemns them.)

Condom use waned in the 1960s after the introduction of the birth control pill and remained stagnant until the arrival of the HIV virus in the 1980s, at which time sales exploded, jumping 33% in the U.S. in 1987. Today some 6 billion condoms are sold worldwide each year, though sales have plateaued in the past decade — policy experts blame "prevention fatigue," while condom makers (the ones targeting men, anyway) have responded by becoming increasingly creative, or perhaps ridiculous. What began as a simple choice between lubricated, ribbed or custom-fit now includes flavored, novelty ( Star Wars prophylactic, anyone?) and glow-in-the-dark. One can even purchase condom accessories like the $28 Condo-M, a plastic-and-aluminum bedside container. (Think Pez dispenser for grownups.) Even the presidential campaign spawned Barack Obama– and John McCain–themed condoms with corresponding slogans ("Who says experience is necessary?" for the former; "Old, but not expired" for the latter). ( Read about permanent birth control.)

The origin of the word condom is unknown, though the story of a certain Dr. Condom in 19th century England remains one of the more persistent myths. The term at least trumps intravaginal pouch, a phrase suggested in lieu of female condom by an FDA panel tasked in the early 1990s with reviewing an early prototype of the women's contraceptive.

See the Year in Health, from A to Z.

See TIME's Pictures of the Week.

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Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews - TIME.com

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It's been exactly 15 years since the FDA first approved the "female condom," but it still hasn't found its niche, except perhaps in the sex trade. While engineers at Apple have already released the next iteration of the 18-month-old iPhone, a second-generation version of the lady-centric contraceptive still doesn't exist.

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Your access to the NCBI website at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov has been temporarily blocked due to a possible misuse/abuse situation involving your site. This is not an indication of a security issue such as a virus or attack. It could be something as simple as a run away script or learning how to better use E-utilities, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25497/, for more efficient work such that your work does not impact the ability of other researchers to also use our site. To restore access and understand how to better interact with our site to avoid this in the future, please have your system administrator contact info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

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Contraceptives and Sexual Education for Men

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Contraceptives and Sexual Education for Men

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comment or post here if you guys need clarifications on your part <3

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comment or post here if you guys need clarifications on your part <3

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HI EVERYONE! HERE ARE YOUR ASSIGNMENTS FOR OUR TOPIC!

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HI EVERYONE! HERE ARE YOUR ASSIGNMENTS FOR OUR TOPIC!

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OBJECTIVES (REG)

INFO ABOUT PROBLEM

HISTORY (SHANE)

STATISTICS (KRISTEL)

BENEFITS (SAM)

FACTS (ANGEL MARIE)

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Your access to the NCBI website at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov has been temporarily blocked due to a possible misuse/abuse situation involving your site. This is not an indication of a security issue such as a virus or attack. It could be something as simple as a run away script or learning how to better use E-utilities, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25497/, for more efficient work such that your work does not impact the ability of other researchers to also use our site. To restore access and understand how to better interact with our site to avoid this in the future, please have your system administrator contact info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

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Our culture and media rarely address male responsibility in the prevention of STIs and unplanned pregnancies. The prevailing societal messages about contraception target women but neglects the impact that unprotected sex can have on men. Using condoms is the easiest way for men to get involved in the birth control process, but they must be willing to do so. Some men are not interested in using condoms because they have received messages that say it is unmasculine, or they have a preconceived notion that sex is not as good with condoms. These attitudes reveal both a lack of education and a lack of respect for women; they also free men from taking responsibility for their actions.