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The Boston Tea party was the last straw for the colonists. After being taxed and taken advantage of, the colonists reacted by dumping a lot of tea into the Boston Harbor. This event was the ending of the prelude. Watch the video to get a complete overview of the famous tea party.

Resource: Labaree, B. [Ted-Ed]. (2013, March 18). The story behind the Boston tea party [Video]. Youtube. https://youtu.be/1cT_Z0KGhP8

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The story behind the Boston Tea Party - Ben Labaree

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The Boston Massacre was a battle between British soldiers and American colonists. After exploring the resource, think to yourself and consider if this was a fair fight between both groups.

Resource: Ducksters. (n.d.). American revolution: Boston massacre. Ducksters. https://www.ducksters.com/history/american_revolution/boston_massacre.php

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Learn about the Boston Massacre where five colonies were killed by the British. Major event in the American Revolutionary War.

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This describes the impact the Daughters of Liberty had on the Prelude to the American Revolution.

Resource: Brooks, R. B. (2015, December 9). The daughters of liberty: Who were they and what did they do? History of Massachusetts Blog. https://historyofmassachusetts.org/who-were-the-daughters-of-liberty/

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The Daughters of Liberty was a group of political dissidents that formed in the North American British colonies during the early days of the American Revolution.

The following are some facts about the Daughters of Liberty:

Much like the Sons of Liberty, the Daughters of Liberty was created in response to unfair British taxation in the colonies during the American Revolution, particularly the Townshend Acts of 1767 which were a series of measures that imposed customs duties on imported British goods such as glass, paints, lead, paper and tea.

Although some sources state that the Daughters of Liberty was an official group or society of women, other sources indicate it was more of a blanket term used to describe all women who supported the patriotic cause.

According to the book Household Manufacturers in the United States (which discusses how women's crafting skills helped contribute to the American Revolution) the Daughters of Liberty was an actual society that had chapters in many sections of New England.

Another book, titled Civil Disobedience: An Encyclopedic History of Dissidence in the United States, also states there were many official chapters of the society, particularly in Rhode Island:

"In 1766, the city's female auxiliary, the Daughters of Liberty, became the first group to formalize their organization under that name. That same year, Eleanor Frye founded a Daughters of Liberty unit at East Greenwich; another group gathered at the home of Mary Easton Lawton and Robert Lawton at Spring and Tomo Streets in Newport."

When Did the Daughters of Liberty Form?

The name, the Daughters of Liberty, first began showing up in the press around 1766, when the Boston Gazette published an article on April 7 of that year about a recent spinning bee held at a house in Providence, Rhode Island:

"On the 4th instant, eighteen daughters of liberty, young ladies of good reputation, assembled at the house of doctor Ephraim Brown, in this town, in consequence of an invitation of that gentlemen, who had discovered a laudable zeal for the introducing Home Manufacturers. There they exhibited a fine example of industry, by spinning from sunrise until dark, and displayed a spirit for saving their sinking country, rarely to be found among persons of more age and experience."

Yet, according to the book Understanding the American Promise, the Daughters of Liberty didn't officially emerge until 1768, after the passage of the Townshend Acts the previous year:

"The Townshend duties thus provided an unparalleled opportunity for encouraging female patriotism. During the Stamp Act crisis, Sons of Liberty took to the streets in protest. During the difficulties of 1768 and 1769, the Daughters of Liberty emerged, embodying the new idea that women might play a role in public affairs. Any woman could express affiliation with the colonial protest through conspicuous boycotts of British-made goods."

What Did the Daughters of Liberty Do?

The Daughters of Liberty didn't join in on the public protests and riots incited by the Sons of Liberty in 1765. Instead, they organized and participated in boycotts and helped manufacture goods when non-importation agreements caused shortages.

In August of 1768, when Boston merchants signed a non-importation agreement in which they pledged not to import or sell British goods, this caused a shortage in the colony of specific goods like textiles.

To help ease this shortage, the Daughters of Liberty organized spinning bees to spin yarn and wool into fabric, according to the book The American Revolution: A Concise History:

"Women took to their spinning wheels - what had been a chore for solitary women, spinning wool into yarn, weaving yarn into cloth, now became a public political act. Ninety-two 'Daughters of Liberty' brought their wheels to the meeting house in Newport, spending the day spinning together until they produced 170 skeins of yarn. Making and wearing homespun cloth became political acts of resistance."

When the colonists also decided to boycott British goods, particularly British tea, women joined in on the boycott. Since women were the ones who purchased consumer goods for their households, and some of them also ran small shops themselves, their actions had a major impact on British merchants, according to the book Revolutionary Mothers:

"But when the call went out for a boycott of British goods, women became crucial participants in the first organized opposition to British policy. Thus, the first political act of American women was to say 'No.' In cities and small towns, women said no to merchants who continued to offer British goods and no to the consumption of those goods, despite their convenience or appeal. Their 'no's had an immediate and powerful effect, for women had become major consumers and purchasers by the mid-eighteenth century. And in American cities, widows, wives of sea captains and sailors, and unmarried women who ran their own shops had to make the decision to say no to selling British goods. In New York City a group of brides-to-be said no to their fiances, putting a public notice in the local newspaper that they would not marry men who applied for a stamped marriage license. Parliament could ignore the assemblies petitions. It could turn a deaf ear to soaring oratory and flights of rhetoric. But Parliament could not withstand the pressures placed on it by English merchants and manufacturers who saw their sales plummet and their warehouses overflow because of the boycott. In March 1766, the Stamp Act was repealed."

In addition to boycotting the purchase of tea, women also signed agreements pledging that they would also not drink any tea offered to them. In Boston on January 31, 1770 the Boston Evening Post published the following agreement, reporting that over 300 Boston women had signed it:

"At a time when our invaluable rights and privileges are attacked in an unconstitutional and most alarming manner, and as we find we are reproached for not being so ready as could be desired, to lend our assistance, we think it our duty perfectly to concur with the true Friends of Liberty, in all the measures they have taken to save this abused country from ruin and slavery; And particularly, we join with the very respectable body of merchants, and other inhabitants of this town, who met at Faneuil Hall the 23d of this instant, in their resolutions, totally abstain from the use of tea: And as the greatest part of the revenue arising by virtue of the late acts, is produced from the duty paid upon tea, which revenue is wholly expanded to support the American Board of Commissioners, we the subscribers do strictly engage, that we will totally abstain from the use of that article (sickness expected) not only in our respective families; but that we will absolutely refuse it, if it should be offered to us upon any occasion whatsoever. This agreement we cheerfully come into, as we believe the very distressed situation of our country requires it, and we do hereby oblige ourselves religiously to observe it, till the late Revenue Acts are repealed."

This same statement was also published on February 12 in the Boston Evening Post and similar statements were published on February 15 in the Boston Weekly News-letter and the Massachusetts Gazette.

To get around purchasing and drinking British tea, women found alternatives by making herbal teas from various plants like raspberry, mint and basil, which they referred to as Liberty Tea.

The Daughters of Liberty weren't always so well-behaved though and sometimes took matters into their own hands when they deemed it necessary.

In 1777, these women even had their own version of the Boston Tea Party, later dubbed the "Coffee Party," during which they confronted and assaulted a local merchant who was hoarding coffee in his warehouse. Abigail Adams described the incident in a letter, dated July 31, 1777, to her husband John Adams:

"You must know that there is a great scarcity of sugar and coffee, articles which the female part of the state are very loathe to give up, especially whilst they consider the scarcity occasioned by the merchants having secreted a large quantity. There has been much rout and noise in the town for several weeks. Some stores had been opened by a number of people and the coffee and sugar carried into the market and dealt out by pounds. It was rumoured that an eminent, wealthy, stingy merchant (who is a bachelor) had a hogshead of coffee in his store which he refused to sell to the committee under 6 shillings per pound. A number of females some say a hundred, some say more assembled with a cart and trucks, marched down to the warehouse and demanded the keys, which he refused to deliver, upon which one of them seized him by his neck and tossed him into the cart. Upon his finding no quarter he delivered the keys, when they tipped up the cart and discharged him, then opened the warehouse, hoisted out the coffee themselves, put it into the trucks and drove off. It was reported that he had a spanking among them, but this I believe was not true. A large concourse of men stood amazed silent spectators of the whole transaction."

Members of the Daughters of Liberty:

There is no known list of members of the Daughters of Liberty but many notable women contributed to the cause and played a variety of roles in the American Revolution.

One such woman was Sarah Bradlee Fulton from Boston, who has since been called the "Mother of the Boston Tea Party." According to the Boston Tea Party Museum website, she is credited with the idea of disguising the men as Mohawk Indians, painting their faces, and donning Native American clothing.

After the Boston Tea Party was over, Fulton helped dispose of the men's disguises and cleaned the red paint off their faces. In June of 1775, after the Battle of Bunker Hill, Sarah Bradlee Fulton organized a small field hospital next to Wade's tavern and asked women to serve as nurses to the soldiers wounded in the battle. She served as a nurse herself and even removed a bullet from a young soldier's cheek.

During the Siege of Boston, Sarah Bradlee Fulton also confronted a group of soldiers who had seized a shipment of wood that she and her husband had bought for the sole purpose of keeping it out of the hands of the British troops.

When Fulton heard the troops had seized it, she chased the men down, grabbed their oxen by the horns, turned them around and commandeered the shipment. When the troops threatened to shoot her she simply replied "shoot away." Amazed by her defiance, they surrendered the shipment to her.

A chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution was later named after Fulton and a memorial plaque was placed at her grave site in 1900. The following poem, written by Mary Jane Seymour, was read at the dedication ceremony for the plaque:

Yet not alone by men reclaimed
Brave women too achieved their part
With courage, love and loyalty,
They bore war's cruel smart
We turn no printed page to-day,
Their gracious deeds to magnify
Within our hearts their memories rest,
Their influence cannot die.
We raise this modest table stone
Our sister's name and fame to keep
The impress of her noble life
Ends not with a dreamless sleep -
May we be wise and ever prize,
The lessons taught us here,
That freedom comes by sacrifice
And duty knows no fear.

Another notable Daughter of Liberty was actually a young girl, Susan Boudinot, the nine-year-old daughter of the future President of the Continental Congress Elias Boudinot, who made the pledge not to drink British tea and stuck to her promise.

While visiting the home of New Jersey's Loyalist Governor, William Franklin, she was served a cup of tea and after refusing it multiple times she then accepted it politely, crossed the room and threw the tea out a nearby window.

Boudinot became famous for her rebellious act and even 100 years later magazines, such as St. Nicholas: An Illustrated Magazine for Young Folks, were still publishing poems and drawings about her defiance.

According to the Report of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution from 1917, there were numerous other notable women who supported the cause and later had DAR chapters named after them:

"The following is a enumeration of the more prominent patriots from whom chapters have been named, but it by no means covers the list: Molly Pitcher (Mary Ludwig Hays), of Monmouth, N.J., who took her husband's place (when he was dangerously wounded) at the canon for 24 hours at the Battle of Monmouth, received the personal thanks of Gen. Washington and from the Continental Congress, a sergeant's commission, and half pay through life; Sarah Bradlee Fulton, 'mother of the Boston Tea Party' and the messenger of Gen. Washington inside enemy's lines in Boston; Lydia Darrah, whose eavesdropping and daybreak ride to the grist mill save the army of Washington; Nancy Hart, of South Carolina, who single-handed captured six Tories; Emily Geiger, of South Carolina, who rode 50 miles on horseback through country infested by British, carrying a message from Gen. Greene to Gen. Sumter, was captured, searched (after she had swallowed her dispatches), released, and gave the message verbally; Deborah Sampson, of Massachusetts, who fought as a common soldier for two years; Rebecca Motte, of South Carolina, who set fire to her own house to prevent it from falling into the hands of the British; Prudence Wright and the women of Pepperell, Mass., who guarded the bridge at Pepperell and secured, by capture, a Tory carrying dispatches; Elizabeth Zane, of Virginia, who carried (under fire by the British and Indians), powder in a tablecloth from the powder house to the fort, a distance of 100 yards, and thus saved the day at Fort Henry, Va.; to Hannah Arnett, a frail little woman who uttered living words at a vital moment and brought about the rejection of the British offer of amnesty and turned the tide of the American Revolution."

Through their various roles, these Daughters of Liberty made their own contributions to the American Revolution and helped win America's freedom in their own way.

Sources:
Berkin, Carol. Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for America's Independence. Alfred A. Knopf, 2005.
Green, Mary Wolcott. The Pioneer Mothers of America; Harry Clinton Green. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1912.
Report of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Volume 19. Government Printing Office, 1917.
Representative Women of New England. Edited by Julia Ward Howe and Mary Hannah Graves. New England Historical Publishing Company, 1904.
"Sarah Bradlee Fulton." Boston Tea Party Ship & Museum, Historic Tours of America, www.bostonteapartyship.com/sarah-bradlee-fulton
St. Nicholas: An Illustrated Magazine for Young Folks, Volume 26. The Century Co, 1899.
Allison, Robert. The American Revolution: A Concise History. Oxford University Press, 2011.
Roark, James L. and Michael P. Johnson, Patricia Cline Cohen, Sarah Stage, Alan Lawson, Susan M. Hartmann. Understanding the American Promise, Volume 2: From 1865. Bedford/St. Martin's 2011.
Tryon, Rolla Milton. Household Manufactures in the United States, 1640-1860. University of Chicago Press, 1917.
Zinn, Howard. A People's History of the United States; 1492-Present. Routledge, 1980.
Lossing, Benson J. Our Country: A Household History for All Readers. Johnson & Miles, 1878.

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The Daughters of Liberty: Who Were They and What Did They Do? - History of Massachusetts Blog

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The Daughters of Liberty was a group of political dissidents that formed in the North American British colonies during the early days of the American Revolution. The following are some facts about the Daughters of Liberty: Much like the Sons of Liberty, the Daughters of Liberty was created in response...

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This introduces the Daughters of Liberty and shows the ways that they differ from the Sons of Liberty.

Resource: U.S. History. (n.d.) Sons and daughters of liberty. U.S. history. https://www.ushistory.org/us/10b.asp

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Royal Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson

They were the ones who were not afraid. They knew instinctively that talk and politics alone would not bring an end to British tyranny. They were willing to resort to extralegal means if necessary to end this series of injustices. They were American patriots - northern and southern, young and old, male and female. They were the Sons and Daughters of Liberty.

Like other secret clubs at the time, the Sons of Liberty had many rituals. They had secret code words, medals, and symbols. Originally formed in response to the Stamp Act, their activities were far more than ceremonial. It was the Sons of Liberty who ransacked houses of British officials. Threats and intimidation were their weapons against tax collectors, causing many to flee town. Images of unpopular figures might be hanged and burned in effigy on the town's Liberty Tree. Offenders might be covered in warm tar and blanketed in a coat of feathers.

Another important function of the Sons of Liberty was correspondence. These clubs could be found up and down the colonial seaboard. Often they coordinated their activities. Like the public Congresses that would be convened, this private band of societies provided an intercolonial network that would help forge unity. It should come as no surprise that the members of the Sons of Liberty and the delegates to the various Congresses were at times one and the same.

The Daughters of Liberty performed equally important functions. Once nonimportation became the decided course of action, there was a natural textile shortage. Mass spinning bees were organized in various colonial cities to make homespun substitutes. Since women often purchased consumer goods for the home, the Daughters of Liberty became instrumental in upholding the boycott, particularly where tea was concerned. The most zealous Daughters of Liberty refused to accept gentleman callers for themselves or their daughters who were not sympathetic to the patriot cause.

Of course, the winners write the history books. Had the American Revolution failed, the Sons and Daughters of Liberty would no doubt be regarded as a band of thugs, or at the very least, outspoken troublemakers. History will be on their sides, however. These individuals risked their lives and reputations to fight against tyranny. In the end, they are remembered as heroes.

Sons of Liberty Flag
Known as the "Rebellious Stripes," the Sons of Liberty flag was a rallying standard for the radical group. This page gives a little history of the Liberty Flag and includes a nice image.

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Sons and Daughters of Liberty [ushistory.org]

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This article builds on the first article and gives you more insight of this group.

Resource: Ducksters. (n.d.). American revolution: Sons of liberty. Ducksters. https://www.ducksters.com/history/american_revolution/sons_of_liberty.php

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Learn about the Sons of Liberty of the American Revolution including how they got their name, important members, protests, the Stamp Act, the Boston Tea Party, and interesting facts.

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The Sons of Liberty was a group of patriotic colonists who wanted America to become independent. They did not think Britain was treating America well.

Resource: Britannica Kids. (n.d.). Sons of liberty. Britannica kids. https://kids.britannica.com/kids/article/Sons-of-Liberty/601129#

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The Sons of Liberty were groups of American colonists who disagreed with British rule of the 13 North American colonies. Among the members were many well-known patriots, such as Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and Paul Revere. Their activities helped lead the colonies into the American Revolution.

The first Sons of Liberty group formed in Boston in 1765. Other groups soon appeared elsewhere in the colonies. The groups took their name from a speech by Isaac Barré, a member of the British Parliament. Barré defended colonists who opposed unfair British laws. He called them the "sons of liberty."

The first goal of the Sons of Liberty was to overturn the Stamp Act. Passed by Parliament in 1765, the act required colonists to pay a tax on newspapers and legal documents. Like many other colonists, the Sons of Liberty thought that they should not be taxed unless they were represented in Parliament.

The Sons of Liberty met in secret to plan their activities. They published explanations of why they thought the Stamp Act was unfair. They organized protests. Some members even destroyed property or used violence against British officials. The Sons of Liberty convinced many colonists to disobey the Stamp Act. They celebrated when Parliament repealed the act in 1766.

After that victory, the Sons of Liberty continued to act out against British rule. Members were involved in many later protests, including the Boston Tea Party of 1773.

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The Sons of Liberty were groups of American colonists who disagreed with British rule of the 13 North American colonies. Among the members were many well-known patriots, such as Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and Paul Revere. Their activities helped lead the colonies into the American Revolution.

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This cartoon shows how the colonies protested the heavy taxes that were placed on them by British Parliament.

Resource: No Taxation without Representation. (n.d.). Retrieved June 21, 2020, from https://revolutionarywarforkids.weebly.com/no-taxation-without-representation.html

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This is a picture of the stamp that had to be placed on every paper in the Colonies. Click on the picture to make it bigger!

Resource: What was the stamp act? (n.d.). https://www.historyisfun.org/learn/learning-center/what-was-the-stamp-act/

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This is one of the major acts that was a result of the war. Read this article to learn how the colonists felt about this new tax.

Resource: Road to revolution for kids: Stamp act & stamp act congress taxation without representation. (n.d.). https://revolution.mrdonn.org/stampact.html

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For Kids: NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION!

The government of Great Britain, Parliament, still needed money to pay off the cost of the Seven Years War, known in the colonies as the French and Indian War. They believed the colonists should help pay this cost since much of the fighting was done to defend them.

The Sugar Act had not generated enough money, so in 1765, Parliament passed the Stamp Act. While the Sugar Act did not cause too much concern other than in New England, the Stamp Act brought about huge protests.

The Stamp Act was different. The Stamp Act required colonists to buy and place stamps on paper goods such as newspapers, diplomas, contracts, prayer books, marriage licenses, and other legal documents. Laborers, craftsmen, farmers, lawyers, merchants, and basically everyone had to pay this tax. Lawyers and publishers were the hardest hit. People could not afford to both pay a lawyer and the tax. Many could not afford to buy books, not even prayer books.

This act was extremely unpopular in the colonies. It gave colonial leaders a chance to convince the colonists that they were being taxed unfairly because the colonists had no voice in government - no taxation without representation! That phrase was coined by the Sons of Liberty and it caught on.

Up until then, each colony had its own system of taxation and its own way of collecting that tax. The British government levied the Stamp Act on the colonists with total disregard to any colonial government or to the needs of the colonists themselves. The British government wanted money and they felt the colonists should pay because they said so.

Stamp Act Congress: As the uproar against the Stamp Act grew, colonial leaders created a special congress - a Stamp Act Congress. Individual colonies sent delegates to New York City to attend a meeting of this special congress.

The delegates drew up a petition protesting the Stamp Act, giving their reasons, and demanding this law be repealed. They sent this petition, with Ben Franklin, to Parliament back in England.

This was very important. It clearly demonstrated that the colonies could and would speak with one voice.

Ben Franklin convinced British Parliament to rescind (remove, repeal, delete) the Stamp Act.

Things might have ended there. But British Parliament still needed money.

Vocabulary words: rescind, delegates, petition, protests

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Road to Revolution for Kids - The Stamp Act

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For Kids: NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION! The government of Great Britain, Parliament, still needed money to pay off the cost of the Seven Years War, known in the colonies as the French and Indian War. They believed the colonists should help pay this cost since much of the fighting was done to defend them.

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Watch this video after reading the article. It creates a visual for how this war was started.

Resource: Illustrated, H. [History Illustrated]. (2017, October 17). French & Indian War For Kids.[Video]. Youtube. https://youtu.be/aHKVwezBmYY

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This war was the start of the Prelude to the American Revolution. This article will give you a summary of how everything started.

Resource: Mr. Nussbaum. (n.d.) Causes of the Revolutionary War: French and Indian war. Mr. Nussbaum. https://mrnussbaum.com/causes-of-the-revolutionary-war-french-and-indian-war

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This page describes the French and Indian War and how it led to the Revolutionary War.

Why did the French and Indian War Happen?

The French and Indian War, also known as the Seven Years War, began in the Spring in 1754. The dispute arose over the presence of British and French settlers in the Ohio River Valley (in and around present day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), but resulted in battles that were fought far from there. Both the French and English wanted exclusive rights to the area because of its economic potential and plethora of fur-bearing wildlife. Despite attempts in Europe to solve the territory battle diplomatically, no compromise could be made. French settlers began building forts along the Ohio River to protect the land from the British. Meanwhile, Robert Dinwiddie, lieutenant governor of Virginia, had begun issuing land-grants in the region for members of his colony. French and British military forces were both authorized by their respective governments to take the necessary measures to remove the other.

Join, or Die Woodcut Made by Benjamin Franklin Symbolized Colonial Unity in the French and Indian War

George Washington's Men Fired the First Shots

Upon hearing news of the French forts, Dinwiddie sent 21 year-old George Washington, to deliver a British ultimatum to French colonists. The French refused to leave and built a fort at the source of the Ohio River which they named Fort Duquesne. The following May, Washington, now promoted to lieutenant colonel, returned to the area with 160 armed Virginians. Washington then ambushed a French reconnaissance party at what came to be known as The Battle of Jumonville Glen. In preparation for a French counterattack, Washington ordered the construction of a makeshift stockade which he named Fort Necessity, south of present day Pittsburgh. Less than a month later, the French ambushed the fort, which resulted in Washington's surrender, and the capture of Fort Necessity. The French promptly burned the fort to the ground and gained control of the region.

Initial Success for the French

For two years, the French controlled the region. When British Commander Edward Braddock and forces attacked Fort Duquesne in 1755, his army was routed and he was killed. While the French successfully defended their interests in the Ohio Valley, they were losing the battles elsewhere in North America especially in points along the shores of Lake Ontario.

The British Strike Back

In 1756, British Prime Minister William Pitt devised a comprehensive military plan to defeat the French, not only in the Ohio River Valley and North America, but in other regions of contention such as India, Africa, and the oceans. Pitt committed large numbers of troops to North America who had permission to garner supplies at will from civilians. Citizens were also forced to serve in the military. While his tactics were successful in driving back the French, he was forced to relent when a 1757 uprising concerning his laws nearly tore New York City apart. Nevertheless, the British had the upper hand in North America. In 1758, they captured Lake Ontario and Louisbourg, Nova Scotia. The capture of Fort Frontenac on Lake Ontario effectively severed communications between the French headquarters in Montreal and their forces in the Ohio Valley. Louisbourg gave the British control of the Bay of St. Lawrence. That same year, British forces teamed up with local Indians to take Fort Duquesne from the French. It was renamed Fort Pitt.

The British Take Louisbourg, Nova Scotia

The French Surrender

The turning point in the war occurred on September 13, 1759, when British General James Wolfe defeated French forces at Quebec in a siege that lasted almost two months. Montreal and Detroit, the other two French strongholds would fall soon after. In 1760, the battered French Army surrendered at Montreal. The entire nation of Canada was relinquished to the British. As part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris, The French lost not only Canada but also all lands in America east of the Mississippi River.

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Causes of the Revolutionary War - French and Indian War

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This page describes the French and Indian War and how it led to the Revolutionary War. The French and Indian War, also known as the Seven Years War, began in the Spring in 1754.