# data[].attributes.body
Human rights task 2 resource

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Human rights are much better protected than they were one or two hundred years ago.

In the late 18th century, human rights were poorly protected. In many countries, people's physical integrity and private and political civil liberties were not respected by their governments. The chart shows - based on data from Varieties of Democracy - that countries received an average score of only 0.3, on a scale from 0 to 1 (most rights).

Importantly, this early data does not include many countries that were colonies before 1900. There, human rights were likely protected even less.

During the 19th century, the protection of human rights slowly improved. But in the first half of the 20th century, some of this progress was undone, particularly during the World Wars.

The protection of human rights then improved massively in the second half of the 20th century. However, this progress has not been linear: there have been setbacks in the 1970s and recent years.

Despite these setbacks, human rights remain much more protected than only half a century ago.

The changes over time look broadly similar if we instead look at the extent to which people's human rights are protected by weighing a country's human rights score by its population.¹

There are large differences across countries in the extent to which human rights are protected.

The chart shows the distribution of the latest human rights scores - using data from the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) project - across the world. Countries with high scores have well-protected human rights. This especially includes countries in Europe and the Americas. But there are some countries across all regions that protect their inhabitants' human rights well.

In countries where human rights are not protected, political violence lingers, people's rights to their property can be tenuous, and their ability to move around the country and abroad, practice their religion, and voice their opinions and organize are limited or outright oppressed. These countries are concentrated in Africa and Asia.

While large differences between countries remain, many now protect human rights well, and almost all protect human rights much more than they did in the past.

Women's rights are much better protected than they were even 50 years ago.

In the late 18th century, women's rights were poorly protected. In most countries, women did not enjoy civil liberties, could not participate in civil society, and were not represented in politics. The chart shows that the global average score for women's political empowerment - based on data from Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) - was just 0.12 on the scale from 0 to 1 (with 1 being the highest).

The protection of women's rights did not change much over the 19th century. It became slightly easier for women to access the justice system, and they could discuss political issues more freely, but strong limits on their civil rights and participation in society and politics remained.³

These rights became much better protected in the 20th century, especially in the second half. Women became freer to move around their countries and abroad and to participate in civil society. They gained the right to vote and seats in parliament in almost all countries, as well as access to senior government offices, up to the chief executive level.

These rights became much better protected in the 20th century, especially in the second half. Women became freer to move around their countries and abroad and to participate in civil society. They gained the right to vote and seats in parliament in almost all countries, as well as access to senior government offices, up to the chief executive level.

This looks similar if we consider the extent to which women's rights are protected by weighing a country's score by its population.¹

But this progress has been uneven and limited. There are large differences in the protection of women's rights across countries.

Even in countries that score highly on this index, women's rights are not protected to the same extent as the rights of men: women are more frequently subjected to sexual violence, receive less pay for the same work, and remain underrepresented in parliaments, ministries, and among chief executives.

The rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and other people outside traditional sexuality and gender categories have become better protected in some countries.

In the early 1990s, few LGBT+ rights were protected. The chart shows - based on data from researcher Kristopher Velasco - that there were very few countries that protected core LGBT+ rights beyond the right to engage in same-sex sexual acts. There were no countries where same-sex partners could marry or adopt. None where a third gender was recognized, and only two where the gender marker could be legally changed with ease.

Over the last few decades, LGBT+ rights have become more protected in many countries. Same-sex sexual acts are now legal in most countries, and same-sex marriage and adoption, third-gender recognition, and gender marker changes are slowly expanding across countries.

Yet, most countries still fail to acknowledge these core rights. Some have even recently implemented policies actively restricting rights, such as explicitly banning same-sex marriages. Even in countries that legally protect these rights, LGBT+ people are still discriminated against in their daily lives, such as by disproportionately being subject to violence or struggling to access adequate healthcare.

The trends and differences between countries look similar if we look at the most recent data for 2023 from Equaldex on same-sex sexual acts, marriage, and gender marker changes.

Bastian Herre, Pablo Arriagada and Max Roser (2016) - "Human Rights" Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/human-rights' [Online Resource]

BibTeX citation

@article{owid-human-rights, author = {Bastian Herre and Pablo Arriagada and Max Roser}, title = {Human Rights}, journal = {Our World in Data}, year = {2016}, note = {https://ourworldindata.org/human-rights} }

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
How has the protection of human rights changed over time? How does it differ across countries, and between social groups? Explore global data on human rights.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The human rights situation continued to be marked by a systematic crackdown on dissent. The justice system remained plagued by unfair trials and torture and other ill-treatment in detention. China still classified information on its extensive use of the death penalty as a state secret.

Repression conducted under the guise of "anti-separatism" or "counter-terrorism" remained particularly severe in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang) and Tibetan-populated areas (Tibet). Authorities subjected Uighurs, Kazakhs and other predominantly Muslim ethnic groups in Xinjiang to intrusive surveillance, arbitrary detention and forced indoctrination.

LGBTI people faced widespread discrimination and stigma in society. Due to inadequate medical services, they took serious risks by seeking unregulated and improper gender-affirming treatments. LGBTI people also faced abuses in the form of "conversion therapy".

The government continued to intimidate, harass, and prosecute human rights defenders and independent NGOs, including raids on their homes and offices. Human rights defenders' family members were subjected to police surveillance, harassment, detention and restrictions on their freedom of movement.

Amid huge setbacks for human rights, China made some progress in its environmental protection efforts, both by closing and upgrading polluting factories and passing new restrictions to tackle emissions. According to data prepared by Greenpeace Southeast Asia and IQAir AirVisual, Beijing was no longer among the top 100 most polluted cities in the world.

Justice system

In February, President Xi Jinping emphasized that the legal system should be under the Chinese Communist Party's absolute leadership. Law enforcement and the judicial system remained largely under the control of the party. China legalized arbitrary and secret detention, such as "residential surveillance in a designated location" and an extra-judicial system of detention ( liuzhi). These procedures allowed for prolonged incommunicado detention and increased the risk of torture and other ill-treatment and forced "confessions". The UN Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances sought information on 20 new cases of enforced disappearances in China from February to May alone. A new regulation, implemented since February, increased the powers of law enforcement and security agencies by exempting police officers from legal responsibility for any damage they might cause to the property or interests of individuals or organizations while carrying out their duties.

Freedom of expression - the internet

The government strengthened its restrictions to the rights to freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly. The authorities rigorously censored all media, from print media to online games. With the assistance of private technology and internet companies, officials mastered the use of facial recognition, real-name registration systems and big data to keep people under indiscriminate mass surveillance and control. In July, a draft regulation on China's social credit system proposed punishing citizens for disseminating information that "violates social morality" or causes "adverse social impacts". In January, Chinese users reported that they had been threatened, detained or warned for being active on Twitter - a social media platform officially banned in the country. China also extended its control of cyberspace beyond its "Great Firewall" by launching powerful malware and denial of service attacks against overseas servers, websites and messaging apps deemed problematic.

Freedom of religion and belief

Beijing continued to tighten its grip on Christians and Muslims as China pushed ahead with the "sinicization of religion", which Premier Li Keqiang reiterated at the National People's Congress in March. Many Buddhist and Taoist temples and statues, along with mosques and churches, were damaged or destroyed on the direction of the government. The authorities jailed religious leaders who were not recognized by the party for "endangering state security". On 30 December 2019, pastor Wang Yi of the Early Rain Covenant Church was sentenced to nine years for "illegal business operation" and "inciting subversion of state power".

Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region

Reports about the detention of Uyghurs, Kazakhs and other predominantly Muslim ethnic groups continued in Xinjiang despite the government's claim that it may eventually phase out purported "vocational training centres", also known as "transformation-through-education" centres. From early 2017, after the Xinjiang government had enacted a regulation enforcing so-called "de-extremification", an estimated up to one million Uyghurs, Kazakhs and other ethnic minority people were sent to these internment camps. Many religious figures, intellectuals and academics were detained in Xinjiang merely for exercising their rights to freedom of religion and expression. This includes Ilham Tohti, a Uyghur economist, writer and professor who was sentenced to life in prison in 2014 and Tashpolat Teyip, former president of Xinjiang University who was sentenced to death with a two-year reprieve in 2017, both on charges of "separatism".

In March the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights stated that her office sought to engage the Chinese government "for full access to carry out an independent assessment of the continuing reports pointing to wide patterns of enforced disappearances and arbitrary detentions, particularly in Xinjiang".

In July, 25 countries issued a joint statement on Xinjiang at the UN Human Rights Council.In September, Amnesty International, together with four other human rights organizations published a joint letter to the UN Secretary General, urging the UN to step up pressure on China to end the mass detentions in Xinjiang.

In November, the New York Times and the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists disclosed two sets of leaked documents from unidentified Chinese officials detailing the crackdown in Xinjiang and the framework for facilities where hundreds of thousands of predominantly Muslim ethnic groups are being subjected to brainwashing and other ill-treatment. The descriptions in these documents matched the testimonies Amnesty International received from former detainees and overseas relatives of those sent to the camps or who went missing in Xinjiang. The documents also further disproved the Chinese government's claims that these facilities were merely "vocational training facilities".

Rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people (LGBTI)

LGBTI people continued to face discrimination at home, at work, in schools and in public. The authorities accepted and claimed to have implemented all recommendations on sexual orientation, gender identity and gender expression at the end of the country's review process in the third cycle of the UN Universal Periodic Review in 2018. Two recommendations requested prohibition against discrimination in legislation, but there is no law that explicitly protects LGBTI people from discrimination.

Following last year's alleged attempt to remove content related to gay issues, Weibo, one of the biggest social media platforms, took down content on lesbian topics in April. Activists feared that online censorship of LGBTI-related content would intensify.

After an online campaign for legal recognition of same-sex marriage, Yue Zhongming, the spokesperson for the National People's Congress Legislative Affairs Commission, publicly acknowledged public opinion supporting the recognition of same-sex marriage in the Civil Code. Same-sex couples in China were denied equal partnership rights because of their sexual orientation.

Transgender people were classed as having a "mental illness", and gender-affirming surgeries required the consent of families. Other criteria to qualify for such surgeries - such as being unmarried or having a clean criminal record - created further barriers to accessing this treatment. Prevalent discrimination and stigma, restrictive eligibility requirements, and a lack of information resulted in transgender people seeking unregulated and unsafe gender-affirming treatments.

Transgender people told Amnesty International that they did not receive any advice or guidance on gender-affirming treatments from their doctors when they first started taking hormones. Instead, they learned about treatment options from friends and by searching the internet for information.

Transgender people who had an urgent need to align their body with their gender identity told Amnesty International that due to the lack of accessible and credible health-related information, they had had little choice but to resort to the unsafe and risky black market to obtain hormone medication. Some even attempted to perform surgeries on themselves as they believed that accessing gender-affirming treatments at a hospital was not possible.

Amnesty International also received reports of LGBTI individuals being forced by their families to undergo "conversion therapies" that claim to change their sexual orientation, gender identity and gender expression, in the belief that being LGBTI is a mental disorder requiring treatment. Despite a landmark judgment in 2014 which declared that homosexuality was not a disease and required no treatment, the government did not take any action to ban conversion therapy.

Human Rights Defenders

The space for human rights defenders (HRDs) to freely carry out their work continued to shrink. The authorities systematically subjected HRDs to surveillance, harassment, intimidation, detention and imprisonment. Many activists and HRDs continued to be prosecuted on vague and overly broad charges such as "subverting state power", "inciting subversion of state power" and "picking quarrels and provoking trouble". Many were held in "residential surveillance in a designated location" on suspicion of involvement in state security crimes. This form of detention allowed the police to detain individuals suspected of such crimes for up to six months in an unknown location outside the formal detention system, with suspects denied access to legal counsel and families.

The authorities sustained a crackdown on dissent and independent voices. Prominent human rights lawyer Gao Zhisheng, who launched a memoir detailing his experience of enforced disappearance, torture and other ill-treatment, and illegal house arrest, was again forcibly disappeared in August 2017. His whereabouts are unknown. In February Beijing human rights lawyer Yu Wensheng was indicted on charges of "inciting subversion of state power" and "obstructing the duties of public officers" after he had circulated an open letter calling for five reforms to China's constitution. Chen Jianfang, a grassroots civil and political rights advocate, was formally arrested for "inciting subversion of state power" in June 2019. Activist Chen Bing was sentenced to three and a half years' imprisonment on 4 April after he and three others were convicted of "picking quarrels and provoking trouble" for commemorating the 27th anniversary of the Tiananmen crackdown in 2016.

Authorities retaliated against citizen journalists and NGO workers reporting on human rights violations. Early in the year they detained Wei Zhili, Ke Changbing and Yang Zhengjun, editors of a China labour rights website in Guangzhou. Huang Qi, the co-founder of 64tianwang.com, a website that reports on and documents protests in China, was sentenced to 12 years in prison for "leaking state secrets" and "providing state secrets to foreign entities". Liu Feiyue, the founder of human rights website Civil Rights and Livelihood Watch, was detained in late 2016 and sentenced to five years in prison for "inciting subversion of state power" on 29 January. Anti-discrimination NGO workers Cheng Yuan, Liu Yongze, and Wu Gejianxiong were held in incommunicado detention since 22 July on suspicion of "subversion of state power". For the first time, authorities publicly criticized a foreign NGO, Asia Catalyst, for breaching the Foreign NGO Management Law.

Family members of human rights defenders were also subject to police surveillance, harassment and restrictions on their freedom of movement. Li Wenzu, the wife of imprisoned human rights lawyer Wang Quanzhang, said that, for a long time, she had difficulty finding a place to live because police threatened landlords not to sign leases with her. Their six-year-old son Quanquan could not go to school, as police threatened the school's administrators.

Amnesty International, UN Act to End China's Mass Detentions in Xinjiang, ( Press release, 4 February 2019).

Amnesty International, China: Uyghur academic faces execution in China: Tashpolat Teyip ( ASA 17/1006/2019)

Amnesty International, China Joint Statement Calling for Xinjiang Resolution at the United Nations Human Rights Council, ( Joint statement, 4 February 2019)

Amnesty International, Amnesty International welcomes statement at Human Rights Council addressing China's appalling violations in Xinjiang ( IOR 40/0711/2019)

Amnesty International, Open letter to UN Secretary General Re: China's Human Rights Violations in Xinjiang ( Joint statement, 17 September 2019)

Amnesty International, China: "I need my parents' consent to be myself" - Barriers to Gender-affirming Treatments for Transgender People in China, ( ASA 17/0269/2019)

Amnesty International, China: Grassroots women activist held incommunicado: Chen Jianfang ( ASA 17/0778/2019)

Amnesty International, China: Further Information: Labour activists held in secret detention: Wei Zhili and Ke Chengbing ( ASA 17/0790/2019)

Amnesty International, China: NGO workers detained for 'subversion' ( ASA 17/0927/2019)

Amnesty International, 1413 Days and Counting: Li Wenzu's fight for her husband's freedom ( Blog, 12 July 2019)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Everything you need to know about human rights in China

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The human rights situation continued to be marked by a systematic crackdown on dissent. The justice system remained plagued by unfair trials and torture and other ill-treatment in detention. China still classified information on its extensive use of the death penalty as a state secret.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
'Existential threat': Report warns on China risk to human rights

# data[].attributes.body
Global economy (podcast)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
After a number of years of economic crisis, can we now be optimistic about the progress of the global economy? What are the implications of the backlash against globalization? With the coming of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, what new opportunities or tools can help keep the global economy together?
In this week's episode of "A Glimpse into the Future", we talk to Hélène Rey, Lord Bagri Professor of Economics at the London Business School, and member of the World Economic Forum Council on the Future of Financial and Monetary Systems.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
‎A Glimpse into the Future: Global Economy on Apple Podcasts

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
‎After a number of years of economic crisis, can we now be optimistic about the progress of the global economy? What are the implications of the backlash against globalization? With the coming of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, what new opportunities or tools can help keep the global economy togeth...

# data[].attributes.body
The future of human rights (podcast)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
After the 70th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, what are the main areas of progress we have seen? Which emerging technologies could be a game changer for human rights protection and enforcement in the future and how? Which ones are posing new challenges to human rights and how can we address those early on?
In this week's episode of "A Glimpse into the Future", we talk to the co-chairs of the World Economic Forum's Council on the Future of Human Rights: Erica Kochi, co-founder of UNICEF Innovation, and Mike Posner, Jerome Kohlberg Professor of Ethics and Finance of the Stern School of Business at New York University and Director of their Center for Business and Human Rights.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
‎A Glimpse into the Future: Human Rights on Apple Podcasts

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
‎After the 70th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, what are the main areas of progress we have seen? Which emerging technologies could be a game changer for human rights protection and enforcement in the future and how? Which ones are posing new challenges to human rights and h...

# data[].attributes.body
What happens globally in an internet minute

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
'Globalization' is one of the defining buzzwords of our time, describing a variety of accelerating economic, political, and cultural processes that constantly change our experience of the world. The fifth edition of this Very Short Introduction provides an exploration of both the causes and effects of the phenomenon.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
globalization: a very short introduction

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
‎Globalization: A Very Short Introduction

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
‎'Globalization' is one of the defining buzzwords of our time, describing a variety of accelerating economic, political, and cultural processes that constantly change our experience of the world. The fifth edition of this Very Short Introduction provides an exploration of both the causes and...

# data[].attributes.body
Global systems: China’s influence and the impact of corona virus

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Image

The lending has drawn scrutiny outside China, too.

China's loans differ from most other loans to developing countries by rich nations or by institutions like the World Bank. They tend to carry higher interest rates and shorter maturities, requiring refinancing every couple years. They frequently use national assets as collateral. Those features gave Chinese state-controlled banks the confidence to lend to poor countries.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Poor Countries Borrowed Billions from China. They Can't Pay It Back.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The lending has drawn scrutiny outside China, too. China's loans differ from most other loans to developing countries by rich nations or by institutions like the World Bank. They tend to carry higher interest rates and shorter maturities, requiring refinancing every couple years. They frequently use national assets as collateral.

# data[].attributes.body
Geopolitics: A very short introduction

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Geopolitics: A Very Short Introduction | Klaus Dodds | Talks at Google

# data[].attributes.body
Royal Geographical Society- global systems and global governance content

# data[].attributes.body
What is globalisation

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Royal Geographical Society - Geography resources for teachers

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) supports teaching in the classroom and field by providing award-winning geographical teaching and learning resources.

# data[].attributes.body
Global trade

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What global trade deals are really about (hint: it's not trade) | Haley Edwards | TEDxMidAtlantic

# data[].attributes.body
Global governance

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Global Governance ..into the Future | David Held | TEDxLUISS

# data[].attributes.body
How the Corona virus pandemic Has highlighted vulnerabilities in global systems for health care and global governance.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Global Lessons for a More Resilient Future