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A category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.

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Describes a common type of image sensor format that's used in film photography.

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A twin-lens reflex camera is a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length.

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A camera obscura is a darkened room with a small hole or lens at one side through which an image is projected onto a wall or table opposite the hole.

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The gelatin silver process is the most commonly used chemical process in black-and-white photography, and is the fundamental chemical process for modern analog color photography.

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Photo curators collect, exhibit, research and maintain the photo collection at a museum. They are also responsible for the storage and presentation of photographical collections.

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An exhibition, in the most general sense, is an organized presentation and display of a selection of items. I

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a room or building for the display or sale of works of art.

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Museum photography involves producing photographic reproductions of objects on display in museums: utilitarian objects, 2D or 3D works of art.

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A photographic studio is often a business owned and represented by one or more photographers, possibly accompanied by assistants and pupils, who create and sell their own and sometimes others’ photographs.

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A line is an identifiable path created by a point moving in space

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Shape is a flat area surrounded by edges or an outline

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Color is an element consisting of hues, of which there are three properties: hue, chroma or intensity, and value.

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Space in a work of art refers to a feeling of depth or three dimensions.

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texture refers to the surface quality in a work of art

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Value defines how light or dark a given color or hue can be.

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A form is an artist's way of using elements of art, principles of design, and media.

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Balance in photography is observed when an image has subject areas that look balanced throughout the composition.

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Variety is about varying elements and objects in your image, to avoid making them boring. Variety can also be varying your angles, exposure, composition, etc., to get a few different looks to the same image.

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Pattern photography is the concept of integrating a repetition of elements into your photographs.

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Proportion in photography is usually comparing size of objects, or the amount of one thing to the whole.

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To be brief, motion photography is about showing movement. Adding a slight blur of the action to your shot helps tell a story.

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Unity describes the visual relationship between elements in a photograph.

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Emphasis​is defined as an area or object within the artwork that draws attention and becomes a ​focal point.

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symmetry around a central axis, as in a starfish or a tulip flower.

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the quality of being made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis.

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lack of equality or equivalence between parts or aspects of something; lack of symmetry.

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he fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.

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existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence.

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The gradient of H at a point is a plane vector pointing in the direction of the steepest slope or grade at that point. The steepness of the slope at that point is given by the magnitude of the gradient vector.

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Cool colors include green, blue, and purple, and variations of those three colors. Blue is the only primary color within the cool spectrum.

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One group of colors in the color wheel is associated with the sun, warmth and fire. These colors are called warm colors since they evoke warm feelings in people. Yellow, red, orange and different shades of these colors are warm colors.

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What Are Neutral Colors? In the context of interior design, neutral means without color. Neutrals such as beige, ivory, taupe, black, gray, and shades of white appear to be without color, but in many applications these hues often have undertones.

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Examples of complementary color combinations are: Red and green; yellow and purple; orange and blue; green and magenta. Complementary color combos tend to be bold, which is why sports teams often use this formula for their colors.

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Monochromatic colors are all the colors of a single hue. Monochromatic color schemes are derived from a single base hue and extended using its shades, tones and tints. Tints are achieved by adding white and shades and tones are achieved by adding a darker color, grey or black.

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Constructive criticism focuses on providing constructive feedback, supported by specific examples, to help you improve in some area. Constructive criticism should be offered in a friendly manner with good intentions.

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the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.

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relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these.

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relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these.

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Based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions. Objective: (of a person or their judgement) not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts.

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Copyright protects original work, whereas a trademark protects items that distinguish or identify a particular business from another. Copyright is generated automatically upon the creation of original work, whereas a trademark is established through common use of a mark in the course of business.

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The Rule of Thirds is the process of dividing an image into thirds, using two horizontal and two vertical lines. This imaginary grid yields nine parts with four intersection points. When you position the most important elements of your image at these intersection points, you produce a much more natural image.Feb

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Leading lines are lines that appear in a photograph that have been framed and positioned by the photographer to draw the viewer's eye towards a specific point of interest.

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What is the Golden Ratio in Photography? The golden ratio is a ratio of approximately 1.618 to 1. Artists have used this ratio for centuries to create works of art from paintings to architecture. Beethoven uses it in his famous fifth Symphony.

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Negative space photography is the area surrounding the main subject in a photo that is left unoccupied.

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Positive space refers to the subject or areas of interest in an artwork, such as a person's face or figure in a portrait, the objects in a still life painting, or the trees in a landscape painting.

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ISO is simply a camera setting that will brighten or darken a photo. As you increase your ISO number, your photos will grow progressively brighter. For that reason, ISO can help you capture images in darker environments, or be more flexible about your aperture and shutter speed settings

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arbitrary rating of film speed; that is, the sensitivity of the film to light.

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the image sensor is the device that collects incoming light when the shutter opens and converts that light into an electrical signal. The camera then analyzes that signal and translates the data into colors, that match the real-life image in the camera's viewfinder

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Film grain or granularity is the random optical texture of processed photographic film due to the presence of small particles of a metallic silver, or dye clouds, developed from silver halide that have received enough photons.

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Digital noise in photos taken with digital cameras is random pixels scattered all over the photo. ... Digital noise usually occurs when you take low light photos (such as night photos or indoor dark scenes) or you use very slow shutter speeds or very high sensitivity modes.

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Digital noise in photos taken with digital cameras is random pixels scattered all over the photo. ... Digital noise usually occurs when you take low light photos (such as night photos or indoor dark scenes) or you use very slow shutter speeds or very high sensitivity modes.

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In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane.

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In optics, the f-number of an optical system such as a camera lens is the ratio of the system's focal length to the diameter of the entrance pupil.

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The focal length of a lens is determined when the lens is focused at infinity. Lens focal length tells us the angle of view—how much of the scene will be captured—and the magnification—how large individual elements will be. The longer the focal length, the narrower the angle of view and the higher the magnification.

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Depth of field refers to how much is in focus in front of and behind the subject that is focused upon. “More” depth of field means that more is in focus. “Shallow” depth of field means that very little is in focus other than the subject. The photographer focuses specifically on one object or part of an object.

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In photography, bokeh is the aesthetic quality of the blur produced in out-of-focus parts of an image. Bokeh has also been defined as "the way the lens renders out-of-focus points of light". Differences in lens aberrations and aperture shape cause very different bokeh effects

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Automatic Exposure is when the camera chooses the optimum shutter speed, aperture, ISO and flash settings for your shot.

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Manual mode is one of the main settings on your camera, and it lets you manually control shutter speed, aperture, and ISO.

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Aperture priority, often abbreviated A or Av (for aperture value) on a camera mode dial, is a setting on some cameras that allows the user to set a specific aperture value (f-number) while the camera selects a shutter speed to match it that will result in proper exposure based on the lighting conditions

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Shutter priority mode is a semi-automatic shooting mode in cameras. It allows the user to select a shutter speed while the camera automatically adjusts the aperture to get the correct exposure.

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Program mode (the "P" on the mode dial of most DSLRs) means that the camera still sets the exposure for you. It chooses the correct aperture and shutter speed for the light available, so your shot is correctly exposed.

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Shutter speed is exactly what it sounds like: It's the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes. A fast shutter speed creates a shorter exposure — the amount of light the camera takes in — and a slow shutter speed gives the photographer a longer exposure.

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Bulb mode is simply a shutter speed option that you can select in Manual mode on your camera. It allows your shutter speed to be any length you choose: one second, one minute, 17 minutes, or anything else

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in photography, motion blur is the purposeful streaking or blurring of an object in motion in a photo for visual effect. It's a great technique for capturing movement in a still image, and is often used in both nature photography and sports photography.

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monopod is a device for camera stabilization that has a single leg. Monopods are similar to tripods, albeit with 1/3 the leg in that they usually use a quick release plate to affix the camera to a head that is screwed into the leg.

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Camera shake is a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images. This generally occurs more often if you're shooting on a low shutter speed or with a heavy lens, and can be avoided by using a tripod and cable release setup.

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Long-exposure, time-exposure, or slow-shutter photography involves using a long-duration shutter speed to sharply capture the stationary elements of images while blurring, smearing, or obscuring the moving elements.

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denoting the photographic technique of taking a sequence of frames at set intervals to record changes that take place slowly over time. When the frames are shown at normal speed, or in quick succession, the action seems much faster.

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Light painting, painting with light, light drawing, or light art performance photography are terms that describe photographic techniques of moving a light source while taking a long exposure photograph, either to illuminate a subject or space, or to shine light at the camera to 'draw', or by moving the camera itself .

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Panning photography freezes objects in motion in a still frame. Explore ways to pan your camera, what shutter speed to use, and other ways to add action to your shots.

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Burst mode, also called continuous shooting mode, sports mode, continuous mode, or burst shot, is a shooting mode in still cameras. In burst mode, the photographer captures several photos in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down.

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In photography, painting, and other visual arts, middle gray or middle grey is a tone that is perceptually about halfway between black and white on a lightness scale; in photography and printing, it is typically defined as 18% reflectance in visible light.

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ith spot metering, the camera will measure only a very small area of the scene (1–5% of the viewfinder area). ... Spot metering allows the camera to measure the light reflected from the person's face and expose properly for that, instead of adjusting exposure for the much brighter light around the hairline.

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Partial metering covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject. When the background is brighter than the subject due to reasons like back lighting, this metering mode is particularly useful.

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Center-weighted average metering works on the assumption that the most important part of the image is probably in the center. It measures the whole scene but places extra emphasis on the light values in the middle. Center-weighted averaging is a bit of a throwback.

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Evaluative metering is the default metering mode on most cameras. It ensures that the camera will automatically adjust to the right exposure setting even when the ambient lighting shows greater contrast.

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Workspace Switcher displays a visual representation of your workspaces, as shown in Figure 4–3. Figure 4–3 shows the Workspace Switcher when the Java Desktop System session contains four workspaces. ... To switch to another workspace, click on the workspace in the panel application.

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The toolbar is where Photoshop holds the many tools we have to work with. There are tools for making selections, for cropping and retouching images, for adding shapes and type, and many more!

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Palettes [shown right] are groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image. Photoshop contains over two dozen palettes that can be shown or hidden by using the Window menu and selecting the palette you wish to reveal.

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The menu bar is used to open and save files, adjust the canvas size, access some of the editing tools, open and close various windows, and more. The menu bar consists of 11 items: File, Edit, Image, Layer, Select, Filter, Analysis, 3D, View, Window, and Help.

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The Options Bar is the horizontal bar that runs underneath the Menu Bar in Photoshop. You can turn it on and off through the Windows menu, so if you don't see it on your screen, you definitely want to turn it on with Window > Options. The job of the Options Bar is to set the options of the tool you are about to use.

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Definition of FILE FORMAT:

This term refers to the technical standard that has been used to encode information for storage in a computer file. File formats can be designed for one specific type of data or for different types of data.

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JPEG (often seen with its file extension . jpg or . jpeg) stands for "Joint Photographic Experts Group", which is the name of the group who created the JPEG standard. ... The JPEG format is also useful for digital cameras for taking good quality photos that take up little space on digital camera memory cards.

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PSD (Photoshop Document) is an image file format native to Adobe's popular Photoshop Application. ... PSD files are commonly used for containing high quality graphics data.

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PNG stands for “Portable Graphics Format”. It is the most frequently used uncompressed raster image format on the internet. This lossless data compression format was created to replace the Graphics Interchange Format (GIF). ... Like GIF images, PNG also have the ability to display transparent backgrounds.

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RAW files are unprocessed and un-compressed data files that contain all of the “image information” available to the camera sensor.

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'HDR' stands for 'High Dynamic Range'. The term originates in photography, and refers to a technique to heighten a picture's dynamic range – the contrast levels between the brightest whites and the darkest blacks.

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1. the repeated exposure of a photographic plate or film to light, often producing ghost images.

2. "the transparency of the two characters is a result of double exposure"

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Here are perfect examples of triadic color combinations:

Red, Yellow, and Blue.

Purple, Green, and Orange.

Blue-Violet, Red-Orange, and Yellow-Green.

Red-Violet, Yellow-Orange, and Blue-Green.

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What is golden hour? The last hour before sunset and the first hour after sunrise are coveted by professional photographers. Referred to as “the golden hour” or “magic hour,” these times provide the perfect light to capture stunning photos.

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That's a time of day when the sun has just set or is about to rise, when the sky overhead takes on a deep blue color, and when the landscape is suffused with bluish light. The blue hour is a good time to take photos of the moon, because then the moon's glare isn't so bright in contrast to the sky.

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A macro lens is a lens that specifically allows you to focus extremely close to a subject so that it appears large in the viewfinder (and in the final image).

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1. a lens of fixed focal length.

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a lens with a longer focal length than standard, giving a narrow field of view and a magnified image.

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A fisheye is an extreme wide angle lens that produces a 180° degree field of view with the intent to create panoramic or hemispherical images. Its name was first coined in 1906 by Robert W. Wood, an American physicist and inventor who likened the effect of a fisheye lens to the world-view of a fish underwater.

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bration Reduction (VR) is an image stabilization technology that minimizes blur caused by camera shake. ... Using a VR NIKKOR lens can result in sharp images in low light, under windy conditions or when using a physically large NIKKOR lens, at up to four stops slower with a VR lens than a non-VR lens.

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DSLR is a term that's become synonymous with digital cameras, but a digital single-lens reflex camera (notable for allowing interchangeable lenses on the same camera body) is just one type of digital camera.

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a set of data that describes and gives information about other data.

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A thumbnail is a smaller version of a much larger image that is used to help conserve screen space. They are useful for helping users to view multiple images at once. Thumbnails are also commonly used on the Internet, helping the web page viewer see an image without having to download the full-sized image.

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Post-processing is the use of any technique or technology to enhance the original image captured by the photographer. An old post-processing technique was airbrushing, which was done to remove or soften something in the original image.