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Azda Liyana bt Ghozhar (LATEST)
12212114197

Neurotoxin
Agent : Toluene
Exposure : Toxicity can occur from unintentional or deliberate inhalation of fumes, ingestion, or transdermal absorption.

Usually found in gasoline, acrylic paints, varnishes, lacquers, paint thinners, adhesives, glues, rubber cement, airplane glue, and shoe polish.

Toluene abuse or “glue sniffing” has become widespread, especially among children or adolescents, because it is readily available and inexpensive.

Toluene is commonly abused by saturating or soaking a sock or rag with spray paint, placing it over the nose and mouth, and inhaling to get a sensation of euphoria, buzz, or high. With bagging, exhaled air is re-breathed and resulting hypoxia and hypercarbia may add to the disorienting effects of the solvent.

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AGENT: ionizing radiation(xray)
Exposure : on cell
Action : respon of human lymphatic to various challege after exposed toward conditioning doses and dependent upon the agent. May pass through among the cell and cause damage and it will repair itself. If too high exposed can passed down to organism offspring, perhaps generation later.

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Agent: ionizing radiation(x-rays)
Exposure:on cell
Action: respons of human lymphocytes   after  having exposed  to  variety  condition. May pass   cell directly withouth  cause  damage cell if happen it  self. if to  high  expose  passes  organismownanpairtselfepai wirillellam

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IZA ARINA BINTI SULAIMAN

12212114128

Neurotoxin

1. Agent : Ammonia

2. Exposure :  Ammonia toxicity is often seen through two routes of administration, either through consumption or through endogenous ailments such as liver failure.

3. Action : cause response to cirrhosis of the liver which results in hepatic encephalopathy, and can result in cerebral edema . This cerebral edema can be the result of nervous cell remodeling. As a consequence of increased concentrations, ammonia activity in-vivo has been shown to induce swelling of astrocytes in the brain through increased production of cGMP (Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate) within the cells which leads to Protein Kinase G-mediated(PKG) cytoskeletal modifications. The resultant effect of this toxicity can be reduced brain energy metabolism and function. Importantly, the toxic effects of ammonia on astrocyte remodling can be reduced through administration of L-carnitine. This astrocyte remodeling appears to be mediated through ammonia-induced mitochondrial permeability transition. This mitochondrial transition is a direct result of glutamine activity a compound which forms from ammonia in-vivo. Administration of antioxidants or glutaminase inhibitor can reduce this mitochondrial transition, and potentially also astrocyte remodeling.

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(12212114182)

Mutagen --> gamma ray

exposure--> natural background radiation comes from cosmic rays from our solar system and radioactive elements normally present in the soil.

action--> Gamma rays are strongly penetrating ionizing radiation. What that means is that they create charged radicals in any material they travel through. In the human body that means it causes mutations in DNA and damages cellular mechanisms. In large doses it is enough to kill cells and cause radiation poisoning. However, if the dose doesn't kill you outright the mutated DNA may make some cells cancerous.

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12211114026

TERATOGEN
Exposure : Radiation > Ionizing radiation breaks both strands of DNA molecule and causes an alteration in chemical structure of nitrogenous bases. Cells in a developing embryo are rapidly dividing and are thus more vulnerable to DNA damage.

Action : In the developing fetus, communications occur between cells, both through cell-to-cell contact and biochemical signals. This communication is necessary to synchronize cell differentiation, and cell death from toxic exposure can cause abnormal development by its disruption. Exposure to toxic substances causing cell death during early pregnancy, if large numbers of cells are killed, can result in spontaneous abortion and also congenital malformations.

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FARIHA AMANINA BINTI AHMAD FUAD

(12212114147)

Agent: Heparin

Exposure: Heparin is given parenterally because it is not absorbed from the gut, due to its high negative charge and large size. It can be injected intravenously or subcutaneously (under the skin); intramuscular injections (into muscle) are avoided because of the potential for forming hematomas

Action: The mechanism by which such high affinity heparin acts when antithrombin III is the inhibitor is promotion of the formation of an intermediate proteinase-heparin-antithrombin complex. Heparin promotion of thrombin inactivation by heparin cofactor II may occur by a similar mechanism. The requirement for a specific oligosaccharide sequence within the heparin molecule does not, however, exist for heparin cofactor II. Binding of heparin to both thrombin and antithrombin III interferes with thrombin inactivation. This binding is very dependent on the ionic strength of the reaction mixture. Low ionic strength in in vitro reactions also results in cleavage of antithrombin III by thrombin in the presence of heparin and effectively converts antithrombin III from an inhibitor to a substrate.

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Teratogen Khairunisa Binti Ahmad Faisal 12212114125

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Teratogen Khairunisa Binti Ahmad Faisal 12212114125

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Agent: Cocaine
Exposure: Affects the fetus or embryo in variety of ways, such as the duration of exposure, the amount of teratogenic substance and the stage of development the embryo.
Action : The action of teratogen in the developing fetus, communications occur between cells, both through cell-to-cell contact and the biochemical signals. This communication is necessary to synchronize cell differentiation, and the cell death from toxin exposure can cause abnormal development by its disruption.

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12212114197

Nitric oxide is neurotoxin. It cause fatigue in postnatal women. This is because nitrous oxide interferes with vitamin B12 metabolism and the fatigue experienced by these women postnatally exhibited a delayed onset and eventual resolution as would be expected.

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Agent : Benzene (Leukemia)

Carcinogen

Sources : gasoline and paint
Exposure :
- The routes of exposure through inhalation and absorption
- This exposure will rapidly entrance into body.
- Absorbed through skin into body.

Action :
- Effect in long term such as anemia, low white blood cell count and low platelet count.

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Mutagen
Agent : Xrays
Exposure : Medical radiation ( eg:radiography) and man-made radiation (eg : airport security scanner)
Action : xray is an ionising radiation which is a type of radiation called ‘high energy’. The high energy that ionising radiation has can affect our cells, including mutating DNA which can lead to cancer

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Muhamad Asyraf bin Azhar

(12212114022)

Teratogen

Agent : Cocaine & Nicotine

Exposure : Inhalation by pregnant mother

Action :

Nicotine and cocaine can give effect to the development of the embryo and fetus

The nicotine that inhaled by pregnant mother will enter into blood circulation in the body and cause birth defect

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agent:Lead (ll) chromate can be found in  paints, dust, water or food.
transmittable through inhalation  and  ngestion.
causing kidney damage, reduced  IQ and  slow body movement.

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12212114190

agent: nickel (carcinogen)

exposure: inhalation, ingestion

action: Accumulated epidemiological evidence confirms that exposures to nickel compounds are associated with increased nasal and lung cancer incidence, both in mostly occupational exposures. Although the molecular mechanisms by which nickel compounds cause cancer are still under intense investigation, the carcinogenic actions of nickel compounds are thought to involve oxidative stress, genomic DNA damage, epigenetic effects, and the regulation of gene expression by activation of certain transcription factors related to corresponding signal transduction pathways.

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agents - aluminium
exposure - drinking from dirty water source (metal poisoning)
actions - effects on aluminium on glutamate metabolism cause the accumulation of glutamate occurs in result of mutation in the glutamate transporters

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Muhammad Faiz bin Zulkefli
12212114143
Teratogen
Agent: alcohol
Exposure: pregnant mom drinking
Action: malformation of embryo, featal alcohol syndrome.

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Muhammad Faiz bin Zulkefli

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12212114148
agent : ehanol
exposure : The effects of ethanol part from the symptoms of intoxication observed in the short term, excessive and regular alcohol consumption has proved hazardous to health in the medium and long term.
In fact, toxicologists and epidemiologists have acquired good knowledge of the effects and mechanisms of ethanol ingestion. Liver cirrhosis, cancers, nervous system disorders, and foetal alcohol syndrome are the most serious pathologies caused by excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages (INSERM, 2001).
It has also been recognised that inhalation of or skin contact with ethanol vapours can be a source of localised irritation.
For these reasons, the Agency has studied the risks resulting from inhalation of ethanol vapour and/or from skin contact for

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EMYNORFATIHAH BINTI MOHD ROSELI 12211114201  NEUROTOXIN

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EMYNORFATIHAH BINTI MOHD ROSELI 12211114201  NEUROTOXIN

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Agent : sodium channel ( tetrodotoxin)
Exposure : ingestion
Action :  inhibition of sodium channel function, reduce functional capacity of neuron communication. This inhibition largely affects a susceptible subset of sodium channels . When significant level of TTX-sensitive. It will bind sodium channel on neurons and reduce membrane permebeability to sodium. Resulting in loss of motor control and sensory function which can cause paralysis and death.

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Farah Najihah Binti Abdul Muin
12212114148
agent : ethanol
exposure : The effects of ethanol on health are observed in those who consume excessive alcoholic beverages: nausea, vomiting, dizziness, even respiratory paralysis. Apart from the symptoms of intoxication observed in the short term, excessive and regular alcohol consumption has proved hazardous to health in the medium and long term.
action : Ethanol is a central nervous system depressant and has significant psychoactive effects in sublethal doses. Based on its abilities to alter human consciousness, ethanol is considered a psychoactive drug

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12212114013
Neurotoxin

Agent : Lead

Exposure : Ingestion or inhalation lead acid batteries.

Action: Ingested and inhaled lead toxic will cause neurotoxin to the nervous system.Lead chemical will accumulate in cell tissues or bone of nervous system.Excessive exposure will cause blood disorder disease or brain cancer.

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12212115203
TERATOGEN
AGENT - TOBACCO
EXPOSURE - INHALATION FROM PREGNANT WOMEN
ACTION - It can be the problem with placenta. Example the placenta can separately from the womb to early and causing bleeding effect from carbon monoxide. Its also can be effect the baby health and reduce their oxygen.

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12212114162

Carcinogen

Agent : acetaldehyde
Exposure : by drinking and medication
Action : liver cell to grow faster than normal whereas these regenerating cell are more likely to pick up changes in their gene.

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12212114007
nuerotoxin

agent: methylmercury

exposure :  found in people eat kinds fish and shellfish that have high levels of methylmercury in tissue.

action:  the release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic nerve terminals.  The blocks plasma membrane voltage-dependent Ca2+ and Na+ channels in addition to activating a nonspecific transmembrane cation conductance. Methylmercury exposure in adults has also been linked to increased risk of cardiavascular including heart attack.

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12212114020

Agent : Tobacco

Exposure : Inhalation. Most rapid and direct route of exposure.

Action : Tobacco can have adverse effects on anyone’s health especially on pregnant woman. When a pregnant woman uses these substances, her baby is also exposed to them, for all substances cross the placenta through umbilical cord and enter into the baby’s bloodstream. In this case, tobacco is a teratogen agent that can disturb the development of the embryo or fetus. Teratogens halt the pregnancy or produce a congenital malformation. Other complications that may occur  includes stillbirth, premature delivery and low birth weight. These complications are the result of the fact that nicotine and carbon monoxide in tobacco (cigarette) work together to reduce the baby’s supply of oxygen.  Nicotine chokes off oxygen by narrowing blood vessels throughout your body, including the ones in the umbilical cord. It's a little like forcing the baby to breathe through a narrow straw. To make matters worse, the red blood cells that carry oxygen start to pick up molecules of carbon monoxide instead.

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Reproductive toxins - Muhammad Azim bin Kamaruzaman

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Reproductive toxins - Muhammad Azim bin Kamaruzaman

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Reproductive toxins is a substance or agent that can cause advers effects on the reproductive system.
The agents that can cause reproductive toxins are chloroform and formaldehyde.
The effects of these toxins are it can cause infertility and it can developed toxicity in the offsprings.
The mechanism of action of these toxins is that it alters the reproductive functions and the endocrine system including the thyroid and adrenal glands.

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Mohd Ammar Tarriqq b Mohd Mohadzir. 12212114073. Teratogen. The agent is alcohol. This will or can happen if the pregnant woman consume alcohol.It make the emvryo to malformation which make pregnant woman to miscarriage.

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Mohd Ammar Tarriqq b Mohd Mohadzir. 12212114073. Teratogen. The agent is alcohol. This will or can happen if the pregnant woman consume alcohol.It make the emvryo to malformation which make pregnant woman to miscarriage.

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1.Aluminum.

2. (Neurotoxin)It is common in drinking water, over-the-counter antacid and vaccine. Aluminum is hard for the body to absorb.

3. Neurotoxins are substances that interact with nerve cells by overstimulating them to death or interrupting their communication process. This process is harmful to nerve cells, because it can fry them or interfere with their natural chemical process.

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Agent : cocaine
Exposure : the injection and inhalation of cocaine by pregnant woman increase the general toxicity of the drug. Cocaine work as CNS stimulant by interfering with nervous cells reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine which chemical involved in transmission of neurological signals on neurotransmitter. In addition, maternal cocaine use can results the complication from constriction of blood vessels in placenta and cause decrease in oxygen supplied to fetus

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agent : carbon monoxide
exposure : inhalation of motor vehicle exhaust.
action : CO is absorbed through the lungs into the blood and will also combine with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). CO binds to hemoglobin more strongly than does oxygen. COHb cannot transport oxygen, therefore depriving tissues and organs of oxygen

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Muhamad Asyraf bin Azhar
(12212114022)

Agent: nicotine & cocaine
Exposure:Inhalation by pregnant mother
Action:Nicotine and cocaine

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agent: Botulinum toxin in botox treatment
Exposure: Injection
Action: Botulinium toxin will act on the nerve cells and cause long lasting inhibition of neurotransmitter. the toxin is blocking the release of acetylcholine and leads to muscle paralyse.

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agent : Benzene
Exposure : used as a solvent in chemical and pharmaceutical industry and is released by oil refineries. exposure through inhalation ( smoke and gas) or ingestion ( contaminated food /water). it is linked to breast cancer  and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
Action : A pharmacokinetic model predict the levels of phenol and hydroqinone in the tissues are consistenly hiher when phenol, rather than benzene, is administered. Benzene indicates that the phenol-hydroquinone pathway alone is unlikely to account for the carcinogenic effects of benzene.

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Agent = radioactive .xray. Uv
E xpose to. X ray / uv light and will cause the mutation or changes genetic material.

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Teratogen
Agent: Warfarin (oral)
Exposure: ingestion (overdose)
Action: cause fetal CNS defect include mental retardation and optic nerves problem.

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Asmaul Husna Hanafi
12212115009
Agent: Acrylamide
Exposure: Ingestion
Action: Asparagine in vegetables and some varieties of potatoes can form acrylamide when heated to high temperatures (above 120'C). Acrylamide exposure poses a risk for several types of cancer such as oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, larynx, large bowel, kidney, breast, and ovary.

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Agent: alpha particles
Exposure :carcinogen can lead to cancer formation in man due to exposed to the radiation. it is cause the human cell to divide at the faster compared to the normal rate and cause cancer. it is increase the risk of the cancer by altering the cellular metabolism or damage the DNA of the cells, induced uncontrolled and cause cancer.
ERNA FARIZA BINTI MD SARUJI
12212114027

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Mutagen (Nadia Izzaidah Binti Ismail)12212114025

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Mutagen (Nadia Izzaidah Binti Ismail)12212114025

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Agent: ultraviolet radiation
Exposure: Direct exposure.
Action: UV radiation from the ozone layer will directy exposed to the human skin. This chemical can cause the mtation in DNA cell. DNA will changs caused by mutagens may harm cells and cause skin cancer.

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Lung cancer

Lifestyle factor (tabacco use/smoking).

Taking by inhalation

Action chemical in cigerette smoke enter our blood stream and can then effect lung.this action that can cause cancer to human lung.chemical that can cause cancer to lung such as arsenic,benzene, berryllium, cadmium, chromium , nickel..

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Carcinogenic (Muhammad Farid Roslee) 12212114109

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Carcinogenic (Muhammad Farid Roslee) 12212114109

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Agent: Acrolein
Exposure : Cigarette smoke
Action : cigarette smoke contains high levels of acrolein, which is toxic to the pulmonary cilia, and other agents, such as nitrogen oxides, acetaldehyde, and formaldehyde, that could contribute indirectly to pulmonary carcinogenicity .

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carcinogen (fatin nabilah binti muhamad razali

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carcinogen (fatin nabilah binti muhamad razali

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agent: paraben
exposure: skin contact
action:
Parabens are chemicals with estrogen-like properties, and estrogen is one of the hormones involved in the development of breast cancer and can lead to diminished muscle mass, extra fat storage, and male gynecomastia (breast growth).

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Mutagen (Muhammad Helmi bin Ali 12212114130) 

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Mutagen (Muhammad Helmi bin Ali 12212114130) 

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Agent : Asbestos              Exposure : may exposed to the lung cancer  Action : the high amount of asbestos dose that exposed to the individual. The duration that have long term exposure leads to asbestos-related disease

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Mutagen
Agent : gamma ray
Exposure : gamma ray directly exposed to the skin layer
Action : Gamma rays are strongly penetrating ionizing radiation. They create charged radicals in any material they travel through. In the human body that means it causes mutations in DNA and damages cellular mechanisms. In large doses it is enough to kill cells and cause radiation poisoning. However, if the dose doesn't kill you outright the mutated DNA may make some cells cancerous.

Gamma radiation is much more penetrating than other kinds of radiation. Alpha and beta radiation can be stopped by air and skin. Gamma radiation needs a lot more matter to stop it from penetrating. Several inches of lead or several feet of concrete are typical shielding gamma ray.

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Agent: Ultraviolet
Exposure: Direct exposure of ultraviolet radiation
Action: UV rays damage the DNA of skin cells. Skin cancer starts when this damage affect DNA of gene that control skin growth.

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Agent-Ethanol
Exposure-Ingestion
Action- cause CNS depression

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Nurul Hafiza binti Md. Zaki (12211114018)

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Nurul Hafiza binti Md. Zaki (12211114018)

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Carcinogen

Agent-- tobacco

Exposure--inhalation of tobacco smoke

Action-- lung cancer

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Reprotoxin ( Farah Hanani Maizan 12212114127)Reprotoxin or reproductive toxicity is a hazard associated with some chemical substances, that they will interfere in some way with normal reproduction; such substances are called reprotoxic. Example of reprotoxic is alcohol. Alcohol can pass from the mother's blood into the baby's blood. It can damage and affect the growth of the baby's cells.Scientific evidence shows that mothers who drink during this three-week window are more likely to have babies with the facial deformities associated with FAS. Damage to the baby’s organs through drinking is most likely to happen in the first three months.However, a baby's brain and spinal cord, which control most functions of our body and mind, continue to develop throughout the nine months of pregnancy. The symptoms include learning difficulties, mixing reality and fiction or poor coordination.

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Reprotoxin ( Farah Hanani Maizan 12212114127)Reprotoxin or reproductive toxicity is a hazard associated with some chemical substances, that they will interfere in some way with normal reproduction; such substances are called reprotoxic. Example of reprotoxic is alcohol. Alcohol can pass from the mother's blood into the baby's blood. It can damage and affect the growth of the baby's cells.Scientific evidence shows that mothers who drink during this three-week window are more likely to have babies with the facial deformities associated with FAS. Damage to the baby’s organs through drinking is most likely to happen in the first three months.However, a baby's brain and spinal cord, which control most functions of our body and mind, continue to develop throughout the nine months of pregnancy. The symptoms include learning difficulties, mixing reality and fiction or poor coordination.

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AGENT : Methylmercury . It forms when bacteria react with mercury in water, soil, or plants. It has been used to preserve grain that is fed to animals.

EXPOSURE : Ingestion (Absorbed into the blood directly from GI tract. Usually found in the exposed deep sea fish)

Action : potently affect the release of neurotransmitter from pre-synaptic nerve. Result in ultrastructural changes and accumulation of MeHg mitochondria. Inhibition of protein synthesis.May cause blindness,impaired mental function

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Choose 1 toxic agent and describe  : (Agent-->exposure--> action)               

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Choose 1 toxic agent and describe  : (Agent-->exposure--> action)               

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1. Carcinogen
2. Teratogen
3. Mutagen
4. Neurotoxin
5. Nephrotoxin
6. Reprotoxic

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1.  Phytotoxins are poisonous substances produced by bacteria. (T/F)

2. Threshold dose of a toxicant is detectable (T/F)

3. Ingestion is the most direct and rapid entrance of toxic agents into the body. (T/F)

4. Potentiation refer to the ability of chemical to reduce the effect of other chemicals. (T/F)

5. Alcohol is carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic in man. (T/F)

6. Individual susceptibility describes that some organism may be more at risk for injury than other species. (T/F)

7. Mechanistic toxicology makes observation on how toxic substance cause their effects. (T/F)

8. The act of coming into contact with hazardous substance is called ______________.

9. Toxic substance that are produce naturally. ______________

10. The dose or exposure level below which harmful or adverse effects of a substance are not seen in a population. ____________________

11. In toxicology, dose is defined as the amount of drug absorbed from an administration into the blood. (T/F)

12. Toxic triangle refers to the relationship between ___________,   __________, and _________.

13. Why there is a difference response between exposing someone to the total dose and fractionating the total dose?

14. Anti-venom for snakebites. This is an example for _______________ interaction.