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Going to 'town' meant going to London

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1864: Henry Alford publishes A Plea for the Queen's English

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1843: rotary printing press uses paper on a roll

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1814: Steam printing press mechanises book production

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Didot family develops 'modern face' in France, making the long S redundant

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1873: English Dialect Society is formed to record different dialects

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"steam, electricity, and education—are surely killing dialects" (Nicholson, 1889)

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Telegraph enabled people to transmit messages long-distance

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'railway' soon became a modifier

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1825: first train passengers

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1854-6: Crimean war

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Age of industrialisation and urbanisation

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1871: decriminalisation of trade unions

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'Correct' grammar and polysyllabic, Latinate lexis carried cultural capital

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to essay: to attempt

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to lounge: to stroll

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irritation: excitement

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regard: genuine affection

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genius: general intelligence

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inmate: inhabitant of any sort

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Prudish

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Romantic novels were published to satiate the appetite of Victorian Britain

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1847: the first Merriam-Webster dictionary is published

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British colonies were Anglicised by their invaders

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Britain began settling in South Africa in 1820

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Britain officially settled in New Zealand in 1840

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Some words were exported from America to Britain, including movie, teenager, jeans, nearby, worthwhile, hindsight and graveyard

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A standard variety of American English was emerging despite the wave of immigration in the latter half of the century

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Increasing concern over the potential fragmentation of English into mutually unintelligible languages

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Borrowed words from colonies, e.g.
- Australia: kangaroo, boomerang
- India: pyjamas, bungalow, shampoo, candy

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1852: German linguist Jacob Grimm called English "the language of the world"

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Less competition

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Rising consumerism

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Less pressure to be memorable; often text-dense as they tried to be as informative as possible

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No personal/direct-address; respectful of intended audience

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Formal and polite; deference to customer?

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Nationalistic promotion of British manufacturing origins

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Fat was seen as a good thing

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Lack of nutritional knowledge meant that foods might be promoted for their health benefits when in fact they're carcinogenic!

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Different values used to promote product: prestige, class, authority, wealth

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Different notion of 'shop': over-the counter; no chains

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Female clothing trends often mimicked male norms

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What is being advertised? Does it rely on transatlantic trade? Is it an export from a colony?

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How does it anticipate modern adverts?

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Aimed at upper-classes; they would be reading the newspapers and had the luxury to afford the goods being advertised. Also, if a shop can afford to advertise it probably has a lucrative income, which would only come from its lucrative customers

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Latinate lexis is authoritative; presents text producer as erudite and trustworthy

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Rise of branding; increased awareness of marketing. Branding enables you to trade on your reputation

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No statistics

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Fictitious research

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Customer testimonials in narrative structure/dramatisation

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Celebrity endorsement - allying brand with prestigious customers; appeal to aspirational society

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Marx deemed this 'false class consciousness' a product of ideological control to which the proletariat are ignorant/happy to accept, even though it hinders upward mobility

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People held their intellectual, social and economic superiors in high regard

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People were much more deferential, revering figures of authority

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GREAT BRITAIN

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GLOBAL ENGLISH

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LITERACY

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DEVELOPMENTS/INVENTIONS

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SOCIAL ATTITUDES

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NEWSPAPER

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OED

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AMERICAN DICTIONARY

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1828: Webster publishes An American Dictionary of the English Language. This had 70,000 entries, and evoked strong national pride as it outdid Johnson's

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1806: Webster publishes A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language

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Webster thought the newly independent America should have its own American English dictionary - a repository of the  US identity

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Webster's blue-backed speller proposed some orthographical changes:
- jail
- traveled
- center
- humor
- mask
- public
- soop
- wimmen
- tung

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By 1837, Noah Webster's 'Elementary Spelling Book' had sold 15 million copies

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1884: first fascicle published

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Paradigm of lexicography

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Compiled with thorough methodology that reflected contemporary focus on classification

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Included etymologies, diachronic semantic shifts, word families, pronunciations, citations from numerous sources

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Includes obsolete, outmoded, fashionable, slang, technical and field-specific terms

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Murray's aim: "exhibit the actual variety of usage"

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James Murray appointed editor

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1879: Philological Society and Oxford University Press began working on a new dictionary

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It wasn’t until the 1870s that photographs began sporadically appearing in newspapers

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In 1842 the first weekly illustrated newspaper was printed: the Illustrated London News. Images were printed using engravings

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Broadsides were cheap, single sheets published weekly. Like today's tabloids, they discussed gossip, scandal and crime. They were lurid, salacious, xenophobic, voyeuristic and simple. They had a high picture-text ratio. Aimed at working classes.

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People would read cover-to-cover, whereas today they just skim-read

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Rotary printing press made printing more efficient

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Rising bourgeoise and new, literate generation broadened the market for newspapers

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Dialect levelling hastened by dissemination of Standard English

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Development of railways in 1840s contributed to development of national press

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Makwish, sentimental approach to poor children; they were deemed deserving of help, whereas adults were viewed with disdain

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Rich people believed they had a moral duty to help the poor. Philanthropic culture guilt-tripped people into being altruistic

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Women expected to dress, talk and behave modestly

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Rigid notions of gender

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Children were expected to be deferential to anyone in authority

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Nudity, sex and bodily functions were taboo subjects

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Huge focus on etiquette and politeness

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Christian notions of morality and 'correct' behaviour still prevalent

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Darwin's theory of evolution challenged conservative Christianity's teaching of creationism