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Erford, Bradley T. "Chapter 1." Orientation to the Counseling Profession: Advocacy, Ethics, and Essential Professional Foundations. Boston: Pearson, 2010. 1-27. Print.

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School superintendent, Jesse B. Davis, Felt that his teachers should provide a weekly lesson focusing on "character, problem-solving, and prevention in an effort to restore the moral fiber of American society." Davis was the first to introduce guidance as a part of the school curriculum. 117 of his English teachers were designated as vocational counselors.

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Clifford Whittingham Beers, a Yale graduate and author of A Mind that Found Itself, impacted societal attitudes about the mentally ill. In his book, Beers recounted his time as a patient in a mentally ill facility. He recalls horrific accounts of abuse, neglect, and dehumanization to patients. His book provided the incentive for the Mental Hygiene Movement.  This movement helped drastically alter the treatment of mentally ill individuals. It helped society focus on early intervention, prevention, and more humane treatments for the mentally ill.

In May 1908, Frank Parsons, who is considered the father of the American Guidance Movement, presented his idea for systematic guidance. He was in the middle of writing, choosing a vocation, when he died. His book was published a year later in 1909. Parsons ideas and book set the framework for what would later become personality psychology's trait theory. Parsons was the first to propose that in order to like, and be successful in your career, you must understand your skills, abilities and interests, and choose a line of work accordingly.

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The National Mental Health Association was established by Beers.

Parsons book, Choosing a Vocation, was published.

During this time psychology was becoming a social science. Austrian, Sigmund Freud, came to the United States to share his ideas on neurosis. There was resistance to his ideas, but later his ideas and findings were included in textbooks.

William James, modified Germany's experimental psychology laboratory developed by Wilhelm Wundt. James and other psychologists including Stanley Hall, BF Skinner, and Max Wertheimer we're studying the scientific underpinnings of human behavior. James Cattell, who studied under Wundt, developed the term mental test, and was the first to focus measuring mental abilities and intelligence.

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The National Vocational Guidance Association was founded and recognized as the first Counseling Association. Through publishing bulletins, The Journal of Counseling and Development was created.

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The US federal government played a supportive role in establishing the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917, that "established grants to support vocational education in public schools and counselor-training departments at major universities" (Erford, 2010.)

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The guidance movement continued to receive acceptance and become more commonly used during this time of crisis, but it also came under scrutiny. Guidance was criticize for "ignoring aspects of human development and experience, and instead focusing too heavily on testing instruments for career placement" (Erford, 2010.) Instrumentation remains the primary component in guidance, and in 1927 and the Strong Vocational Interests Blank was developed by Howard K strong, which provided needed support materials for the guidance movement.

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Child Guidance Clinics were established by community members and professionals in many is cities to treat children with maladjustment.

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Group therapy was begun by Alfred Alder, the founder of Individual Psychology, and he began using family councils as a form of treatment for children.

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At the start of the Great Depression, the first Marriage and Family Counseling Center was opened in New York City by Abraham and Hannah Stone.

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There was a need for counselors to work with unemployed individuals. Guidance centers within schools were no longer acceptable to meet society's needs. Counseling became available to adults and children and expanded into public schools, colleges and community sites. Society was beginning to understand the importance of successfully matching their skills, abilities, and interests with their work to rebuild their economy. The federal government's financial assistance was compromised during the Great Depression. It was obvious that social welfare programs, access to healthcare services and research on mental health needed to exist. The federal government passed legislation to aid the unemployed, established the US employment service (1933) created the civilian conservation corps (1933) and establish the works progress administration (1935).

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After the great depression, World War II began. "More than 1 million men were rejected for military service for psychiatric reasons" (Erford, 2010.) Extremely alarming, psychiatric evaluations and Mental Hygiene Clinic's became part of the military intake and procedures. The need for mental health, guidance, and vocational counseling were crucial during this time. As well as rehabilitation counselors for veterans we needed. Therefore, certification of school counselors was established.

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Carl Rogers published "Counseling and Psychotherapy ." This led to client centered therapy.

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The National Mental Health Act of 1946 was established, providing funds for research and training's, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mental health disorders.

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"Theory development began to flourish, including systematic desensitization, rational emotive therapy, transactional analysis, and career development" (Erford, 2010.) Increased federal funds were made accessible for training counseling professionals, building facilities and staffing.

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The American Personnel and Guidance Association was formed

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The American School Counselor Association joined APGA as a division

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The launching of Sputnik established the National Defense Education Act. Congress created programs to increase the number of Guidance and school counselors who could calm the fear and provide direction to students affected by this panic.

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The American Rehabilitation Counseling Association was chartered

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The times of racial indifference and unequal women's rights were changing. Federal and State passed numerous laws to address these inequalities. Essentialism, family systems, and cognitive theories evolved. Group therapy and basic encounter groups became common. Human development perspectives were considered the primary focus in counseling.

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The Community Health Centers Act was passed, making it possible to build and staff required mental health centers across the country to deal with issues such as alcoholism, drug use, marital discord, and Family crisis.

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There was such a high demand for counselors that schools and universities could not keep up. That APGA recommended a branch to be formed in every state.

The Civil Right Act was passed

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The APA legislation committee proposed a restriction on who could provide counseling.

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Counseling centers were no longer exclusively used in school settings. They were expanding into State Mental Hospitals, and crisis centers, drop in clinics, battered woman shelter's, rape counseling centers, and runaway centers were developed. During this time the demand for counselors and psychotherapists were high, and sites and centers were understaffed and resourced. The number of mental health professionals continued to grow.

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The Southern Association for Counselor Education and Supervision established the first counselor licensure committee.

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The Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious values in counseling was chartered.

Congress passed the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act

APGA called for licensure legislation efforts in all 50 states

The American Rehabilitation Counseling Association certified rehabilitation counselor's

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Congress passed the Education For All Handicapped Children Act

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The AMHCA certified mental health counselors

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The American Mental Health Counselors Association was chartered

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Counseling became more specialized, concentrating on how ethnicity, society, cultural, gender, and personal biases affect behavior and treatment. This resulted in the more educational requirements, advanced degrees, and licensure and certification.

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The American personnel and guidance association changed its name to the American Association for Counseling and development.

The national board for certified counselors was established

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The Association for Counselors and Educators in Government was chartered

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The Association for Adult Development and Aging was chartered

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The international Association of Marriage and Family Counselors was chartered

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The Americans With Disabilities Act was passed

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The American Association for Counseling and Development changed its name to the American Counseling Association

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State licensure, certification, or registry was adopted in 41 states and the NBCC certified more than 19,000 counselors

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The Association for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Issues in Counseling was chartered

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The 2000s became known as the multicultural, or systematic, paradigm. The past 16 years had many success's, and there's no doubt that the next 16 will bring more

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More than 31,000 counselors held National Certified Counselor certification

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The 20/20: A vision for future counseling committee was formed. This committee is composed of 31 counseling organizations that continues to make progress, and "derive consensus on issues of importance to the entire counseling profession" (Erford, 2010.) The purpose of this committee is to unify the counseling profession. This committee is turning their attention to addressing licensure portability, making it possible for counselors to practice state to state without obtaining different certifications, training's, and legal requirements.

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California became the final state to pass a state licensure law. This was a huge milestone in the counseling profession. The ACA achieved their 30 year push to attain licensure for professional counselors in all 50 states.

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The Affordable Healthcare Act was signed into a law

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29 of 31 counseling organizations within the 20/20 committee endorsed the definition of counseling.

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"All mental health counselors who want to provide services to veterans through the VA or the military's TRICARE program must graduate from CACREP-accredited mental health counseling program"(Erford, 2010.) Prior to this decision, licensed professional counselor's had to practice under the supervision of an approved provider.

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The counseling profession has flourished within the last century, and will continue to flourish into the future. There will always be pressing issues on the horizon, but having an understanding of the history of this profession will better allow insight for successful strategies and problem solving in the future. Through Evidence-Based Practices and Outcomes Research, Managed Care, Multiculturalism and Diversity, Technology, Gatekeeping, Mentoring and Leadership Training's, Bonding's and Splinter's of the counseling profession, and Professional Advocacy, professional counselors will continue to be challenged, and rewarded through many successes, trials, and errors throughout their career.

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In the late 1800's and early 1900's, the United States was going through a time of great transition. We were transitioning from a national economy based on agricultural, to one based on manufacturing and industrial processes. This led to national concerns about strengthening industrial education as a way to better prepare our youth for the growing opportunities in the workforce. Formal mechanisms including vocational guidance and schools became necessary for individuals to identify and gain access to these emerging and soon-to-be demanding jobs.
Societal changes regarding mental illness were also transitioning. In the late 1800's, it was believed that mental illness was hereditary, so these individuals were contained and institutionalized, rather then acknowledged as mentally ill and provided treatment. Gradually, thinking towards the mentally ill changed, and these individuals were viewed with consideration of their environment and social contexts leading to their mental illness,  rather than solely hereditary factors.