# data[].attributes.body
11.2 Antibody production and vaccination
Ali Ahmed
Ms. Layla

# data[].attributes.body
Hybridoma cells divide and make clones. Can be used to secrete huge amounts of monoclonal antibody. Multiplies and produces many genetically identical copies each secreting the same antibodies. These are used for treatmet and diagnosis. Example: malaria.

# data[].attributes.body
Formed by the fusion of a tumor cell with an anti-body producing plasma cell .
Myeloma Cells
Cancer cells that fuse with B cells to form hybridoma cells.

# data[].attributes.body
Released by white cells and basophils in response to allergens. They make vessels leaky leading to an increase in the flow of fluids that help against infections. They have allergic symptoms. Some symptoms are dangerous and so they need the use of anti-histamines to lessen them.

# data[].attributes.body
Pathogens are often specialized in terms of hosts. Some diseases happen to humans but no other species. But there is a pathogen that can affect all kinds of species labelled under zoonosis. It is dangerous as the contact between humans and animals grew over the time

# data[].attributes.body
They contain antigens that start the immune response but are not enough to lead to a disease.

# data[].attributes.body
Antibodies that are familiar with the antigens and memory cells that produce them are the reason of bodies being immune. If an antigen is spotted for a second time, the body responds by creating more antibodies in less time.

# data[].attributes.headline
Clonal selection and memory cell formation

# data[].attributes.subject
Clonal selection and memory cell formation

# data[].attributes.body
Activated B cells divide many times creating plasma cell clones. A group of a great amount of plasma cells that produce a single antibody type being generated is called clonal selection. Antibodies secreted and destroy pathogens. They are temporary. Some of the cells become memory cells and stay for a longer span. The body becomes immune with this happening.

# data[].attributes.body
Antibodies are needed to fight infections. Antigens create the challenge, the response to it involves the following: ingestion of pathogen by macrophages, display of claimed antigens on the plasma membrane of macrophages. Helper T Cells (lymphocytes) bind to the antigens but only a few with the right receptor proteins can. Helper T cells are activated by macrophages. Binds to B cells. Signalling protein is released.
Plasma Cells
They are mature B lymphocytes. Supply the body with antibodies in an immune response. Rough endoplasmic reticulum manufactures, modifies, and transports proteins.

# data[].attributes.body
Any foreign molecule that can trigger an immune response. Common ones: proteins and very large polysaccharides.
Found on the surface of cancer cells.
Stimulate antibody production.
Used in blood transfusion.