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The term “domestic violence” emerged in the United States with the rise of the women’s movement in the 1970s. Before that, violence between partners was considered a private matter.

Alison M. Heru, MD

Psychiatric Times, Psychiatric Times Vol 25 No 9, Volume 25, Issue 9

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this era, spanning the 1980s through 2015 saw many more feminist ideas integrated, but still not many female perspectives behind the publications which was an issue. This is not to discredit the trailblazing work done by researchers during this period, but a phenomenon which so deeply depend on sociological factors unique to womanhood can only be truly represented when writings by those with knowledge of the affects of those undefined factors are included as well. 

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this era, spanning the 1980s through 2015 saw many more feminist ideas integrated, but still not many female perspectives behind the publications which was an issue. This is not to discredit the trailblazing work done by researchers during this period, but a phenomenon which so deeply depend on sociological factors unique to womanhood can only be truly represented when writings by those with knowledge of the affects of those undefined factors are included as well. 

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Women rally in City Hall Plaza, in Boston to speak out against violence against women, August 26, 1976

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Grassroots feminist organizations gained national attention for the battered women's movement by holding large rallies across the states.

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U.S. Commission on Civil Rights hearings legitimize the needs of battered women as a national concern

https://wiki.preventconnect.org/violence-against-women-prevention-timeline/

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The Battered Woman Syndrome written by Lenore Walker

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"A major contribution to this subject. She is thorough, practical, compassionate, and authoritative. It is a reading must."--Phyllis Chesler

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Male Peer Support theory introduced, explaining VAW in terms of patriarchal social ties

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then-Senator Joe Biden initiates the effort to enact the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA)

https://www.genderontheballot.org/the-history-of-the-violence-against-women-act-and-where-it-stands-today/

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Schwartz and DeKeseredy’s  Male Peer Support Model

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Male Peer Support Theoory expanded and published by Martin Shwartz and Walter DeKeseredy

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the VAWA is passed after four years of heavy opposition from anti-feminist government officials, organizations and lobbyists. As the development of agriculture allowed ancient Mesopotamians to settle and diversify labor, the passing of the VAWA allowed activists in the field to specialize both research and relief for specific forms of violence against women.

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"Marriage-the notion that husband and wife were one and that one was the husband-made domestic violence permissible and acceptable"

ELIZABETH M. SCHNEIDER

ELIZABETH M. SCHNEIDER ET AL., DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND THE LAW: THEORY AND PRACTICE I- 2 (2d ed. 2008).

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In England, during the reign of Edward I and articulated in the Statutes of Westminster in 1275 and 1285, the crime of rape took a theoretical leap, from being solely a personal family problem to one related to the extension of the King’s jurisdiction as an issue of “public safety”.42
Marital rape, however, was and in most places still is envisioned as a totally different phenomenon. There was no compensation to be paid, no family disfavor, and no feeling that a threat to public safety had occurred.

Fox, Vivian C. (2002). Historical Perspectives on Violence Against Women. Journal of International Women's Studies, 4(1), 15-34. Available at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol4/iss1/2

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"The periods of violent behavior by the husband," the doctors observed, "served to release him momentarily from his anxiety about his ineffectiveness as a man, while giving his wife apparent masochistic gratification and helping probably to deal with the guilt arising from the intense hostility expressed in her controlling, castrating behavior."

The article then describes the violence as "temporary therapy".

http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,876203,00.html

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"Since the 1970s, domestic violence literature has grown exponentially. Current data on domestic violence represents what family violence researchers refer to as ‘the tip of the iceberg’, as the vast majority of domestic violence goes unreported, even today."

Cronin, Virginia Lee, "Silence Is Golden: Older Women's Voices and The Analysis Of Meaning Among Survivor's Of Domestic Violence" (2013). Dissertations - ALL. 19.

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Battered Women

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domestic violence

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intimate partner violence

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violence against women

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symbolizes a weakened and victimized woman, criticized and rarely used in modern discourse for this reason.

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introduced to stress the point that most of the abuse towards women occurs within the home or close relationships

most commonly used in modern discourse and preferred by many people who have experienced this type of trauma.
Cronin, Virginia Lee, "Silence Is Golden: Older Women's Voices and The Analysis Of Meaning Among Survivor's Of Domestic Violence" (2013). Dissertations - ALL. 19.

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preferred by some due to its inclusive nature

rejected by feminist scholars due to misrepresenting that this phenomenon doesn't disproportionately affect women

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preferred by feminist scholars due to its reflection of the gender discrepancies of domestic partner violence

argued against being included in legislation by federal lobbyists seeking to appease sexist organizations

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Coercive control, though topic of academic discussion since the 70s, still is not universally recognized for its role in instances of violence against women. This 2013 writing by Evan Stark quotes:

the combination of coercion and control is the most devastating form of abuse as well as the most common. (page 18).

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Violence against women is a pervasive problem in society and responding appropriately to those who experience it and those who perpetrate it is a constant challenge for social work, health and related professions today. This volume seeks to address issues surrounding violence against women at all levels, from its root causes to the specific needs arising in victims of gendered abuse from a particular social or ethnic group. Drawing on the expertise of a range of ‘front line’ service providers and practitioners as well as academic researchers, it seeks to provide those working in social work and related professions with up-to-date coverage of the major issues pertaining to violence against women, and suggest ways to tackle the rise in violence against women by translating knowledge into effective training and practice.This important book will be essential reading for practising social workers and allied professions, as well as academics and students.

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This work by feminist scholar Kristin Anderson offers several propositions explaining the impact of the social patriarchy on coercive control (male peer support theory!) , but this direct quote perhaps communicates the message most strongly:

"gendered structural inequality increases women’s vulnerability"

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The Power and Control Wheel was developed in 1984 and attempts to provide a broad explanation of the ways in which people can be violent towards eachother without physical or sexual assault.

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The affect of domestic violence on the family rather than just the wife became prevalent with reports such as these which came from diversifying research in the VAWA era.

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The affect of domestic violence on the family rather than just the wife became prevalent with reports such as these which came from diversifying research in the VAWA era.

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Please contact our support team for more information and provide the details below.

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The Male Peer Support Theory, supported in modern lit as shown above articulates how men getaway with such staggering levels of violence, which is a feminist acknowledgment of a dark truth women have known for generations.

https://www.biscmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/bhart_Genderedsocialbond.pdf

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https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-rage-of-the-incels

What makes incels dangerous is their capability to orchestrate organized instances of violence against women through online connectivity. The digital communities where these degenerates congregate serve as a breeding ground and sharing pool for dangerous ideas about women, their entitlement to female attention, and how women are to blame for all of the failures of their lives. These conversations and ideas have lead to several real instances of violence against women globally.

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Lately I have been thinking about one of the first things that I ever wrote for the Internet: a series of interviews with adult virgins, published by the Hairpin. I knew my first subject personally, and, after I interviewed her, I put out an open call. To my surprise, messages came rolling in. Some of the people I talked to were virgins by choice. Some were not, sometimes for complicated, overlapping reasons: disability, trauma, issues related to appearance, temperament, chance. "Embarrassed doesn't even cover it," a thirty-two-year-old woman who chose the pseudonym Bette told me. "Not having erotic capital, not being part of the sexual marketplace . . . that's a serious thing in our world! I mean, practically everyone has sex, so what's wrong with me?" A twenty-six-year-old man who was on the autism spectrum and had been molested as a child wondered, "If I get naked with someone, am I going to take to it like a duck to water, or am I going to start crying and lock myself in the bathroom?" He hoped to meet someone who saw life clearly, who was gentle and independent. "Sometimes I think, why would a woman like that ever want me?" he said. But he had worked hard, he told me, to start thinking of himself as a person who was capable of a relationship-a person who was worthy of, and could accept, love.

It is a horrible thing to feel unwanted-invisible, inadequate, ineligible for the things that any person might hope for. It is also entirely possible to process a difficult social position with generosity and grace. None of the people I interviewed believed that they were owed the sex that they wished to have. In America, to be poor, or black, or fat, or trans, or Native, or old, or disabled, or undocumented, among other things, is usually to have become acquainted with unwantedness. Structural power is the best protection against it: a rich straight white man, no matter how unpleasant, will always receive enthusiastic handshakes and good treatment at banking institutions; he will find ways to get laid.

These days, in this country, sex has become a hyper-efficient and deregulated marketplace, and, like any hyper-efficient and deregulated marketplace, it often makes people feel very bad. Our newest sex technologies, such as Tinder and Grindr, are built to carefully match people by looks above all else. Sexual value continues to accrue to abled over disabled, cis over trans, thin over fat, tall over short, white over nonwhite, rich over poor. There is an absurd mismatch in the way that straight men and women are taught to respond to these circumstances. Women are socialized from childhood to blame themselves if they feel undesirable, to believe that they will be unacceptable unless they spend time and money and mental effort being pretty and amenable and appealing to men. Conventional femininity teaches women to be good partners to men as a basic moral requirement: a woman should provide her man a support system, and be an ideal accessory for him, and it is her job to convince him, and the world, that she is good.

Men, like women, blame women if they feel undesirable. And, as women gain the economic and cultural power that allows them to be choosy about their partners, men have generated ideas about self-improvement that are sometimes inextricable from violent rage.

Several distinct cultural changes have created a situation in which many men who hate women do not have the access to women's bodies that they would have had in an earlier era. The sexual revolution urged women to seek liberation. The self-esteem movement taught women that they were valuable beyond what convention might dictate. The rise of mainstream feminism gave women certainty and company in these convictions. And the Internet-enabled efficiency of today's sexual marketplace allowed people to find potential sexual partners with a minimum of barriers and restraints. Most American women now grow up understanding that they can and should choose who they want to have sex with.

In the past few years, a subset of straight men calling themselves "incels" have constructed a violent political ideology around the injustice of young, beautiful women refusing to have sex with them. These men often subscribe to notions of white supremacy. They are, by their own judgment, mostly unattractive and socially inept. (They frequently call themselves "subhuman.") They're also diabolically misogynistic. "Society has become a place for worship of females and it's so fucking wrong, they're not Gods they are just a fucking cum-dumpster," a typical rant on an incel message board reads. The idea that this misogyny is the real root of their failures with women does not appear to have occurred to them.

The incel ideology has already inspired the murders of at least sixteen people. Elliot Rodger, in 2014, in Isla Vista, California, killed six and injured fourteen in an attempt to instigate a "War on Women" for "depriving me of sex." (He then killed himself.) Alek Minassian killed ten people and injured sixteen, in Toronto, last month; prior to doing so, he wrote, on Facebook, "The Incel Rebellion has already begun!" You might also include Christopher Harper-Mercer, who killed nine people, in 2015, and left behind a manifesto that praised Rodger and lamented his own virginity.

The label that Minassian and others have adopted has entered the mainstream, and it is now being widely misinterpreted. Incel stands for "involuntarily celibate," but there are many people who would like to have sex and do not. (The term was coined by a queer Canadian woman, in the nineties.) Incels aren't really looking for sex; they're looking for absolute male supremacy. Sex, defined to them as dominion over female bodies, is just their preferred sort of proof.

If what incels wanted was sex, they might, for instance, value sex workers and wish to legalize sex work. But incels, being violent misogynists, often express extreme disgust at the idea of "whores." Incels tend to direct hatred at things they think they desire; they are obsessed with female beauty but despise makeup as a form of fraud. Incel culture advises men to "looksmaxx" or "statusmaxx"-to improve their appearance, to make more money-in a way that presumes that women are not potential partners or worthy objects of possible affection but inconveniently sentient bodies that must be claimed through cold strategy. (They assume that men who treat women more respectfully are "white-knighting," putting on a mockable façade of chivalry.) When these tactics fail, as they are bound to do, the rage intensifies. Incels dream of beheading the sluts who wear short shorts but don't want to be groped by strangers; they draw up elaborate scenarios in which women are auctioned off at age eighteen to the highest bidder; they call Elliot Rodger their Lord and Savior and feminists the female K.K.K. "Women are the ultimate cause of our suffering," one poster on incels.me wrote recently. "They are the ones who have UNJUSTLY made our lives a living hell... We need to focus more on our hatred of women. Hatred is power."

On a recent ninety-degree day in New York City, I went for a walk and thought about how my life would look through incel eyes. I'm twenty-nine, so I'm a little old and used up: incels fetishize teen-agers and virgins (they use the abbreviation "JBs," for jailbait), and they describe women who have sought pleasure in their sex lives as "whores" riding a "cock carousel." I'm a feminist, which is disgusting to them. ("It is obvious that women are inferior, that is why men have always been in control of women.") I was wearing a crop top and shorts, the sort of outfit that they believe causes men to rape women. ("Now watch as the level of rapes mysteriously rise up.") In the elaborate incel taxonomy of participants in the sexual marketplace, I am a Becky, devoting my attentions to a Chad. I'm probably a " roastie," too-another term they use for women with sexual experience, denoting labia that have turned into roast beef from overuse.

Earlier this month, Ross Douthat, in a column for the Times, wrote that society would soon enough "address the unhappiness of incels, be they angry and dangerous or simply depressed or despairing." The column was ostensibly about the idea of sexual redistribution: if power is distributed unequally in society, and sex tends to follow those lines of power, how and what could we change to create a more equal world? Douthat noted a recent blog post by the economist Robin Hanson, who suggested, after Minassian's mass murder, that the incel plight was legitimate, and that redistributing sex could be as worthy a cause as redistributing wealth. (The quality of Hanson's thought here may be suggested by his need to clarify, in an addendum, "Rape and slavery are far from the only possible levers!") Douthat drew a straight line between Hanson's piece and one by Amia Srinivasan, in the London Review of Books. Srinivasan began with Elliot Rodger, then explored the tension between a sexual ideology built on free choice and personal preference and the forms of oppression that manifest in these preferences. The question, she wrote, "is how to dwell in the ambivalent place where we acknowledge that no one is obligated to desire anyone else, that no one has a right to be desired, but also that who is desired and who isn't is a political question."

Srinivasan's rigorous essay and Hanson's flippantly dehumanizing thought experiment had little in common. And incels, in any case, are not actually interested in sexual redistribution; they don't want sex to be distributed to anyone other than themselves. They don't care about the sexual marginalization of trans people, or women who fall outside the boundaries of conventional attractiveness. ("Nothing with a pussy can be incel, ever. Someone will be desperate enough to fuck it . . . Men are lining up to fuck pigs, hippos, and ogres.") What incels want is extremely limited and specific: they want unattractive, uncouth, and unpleasant misogynists to be able to have sex on demand with young, beautiful women. They believe that this is a natural right.

It is men, not women, who have shaped the contours of the incel predicament. It is male power, not female power, that has chained all of human society to the idea that women are decorative sexual objects, and that male worth is measured by how good-looking a woman they acquire. Women-and, specifically, feminists-are the architects of the body-positivity movement, the ones who have pushed for an expansive redefinition of what we consider attractive. "Feminism, far from being Rodger's enemy," Srinivasan wrote, "may well be the primary force resisting the very system that made him feel-as a short, clumsy, effeminate, interracial boy-inadequate." Women, and L.G.B.T.Q. people, are the activists trying to make sex work legal and safe, to establish alternative arrangements of power and exchange in the sexual market.

We can't redistribute women's bodies as if they are a natural resource; they are the bodies we live in. We can redistribute the value we apportion to one another-something that the incels demand from others but refuse to do themselves. I still think about Bette telling me, in 2013, how being lonely can make your brain feel like it's under attack. Over the past week, I have read the incel boards looking for, and occasionally finding, proof of humanity, amid detailed fantasies of rape and murder and musings about what it would be like to assault one's sister out of desperation. In spite of everything, women are still more willing to look for humanity in the incels than they are in us.

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Lately I have been thinking about one of the first things that I ever wrote for the Internet: a series of interviews with adult virgins, published by the Hairpin. I knew my first subject personally, and, after I interviewed her, I put out an open call. To my surprise, messages came rolling in.

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"I Don't Hate All Women, Just Those Stuck-Up Bitches"

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"I Don't Hate All Women, Just Those Stuck-Up Bitches"

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This article discusses two of the main issues of Violence Against Women in modernity: incels and extreme pornography. Having an academic space which has become welcoming to feminist perspectives allows for research like this to combat violent threats to women in post-modern situations.

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Through the last three years, the agency of women experiencing violence in their home has lessened even further by the global health crisis. The outside connections which help women survive social situations were, in some instances, entirely restricted by stay-at-home orders. This, on top of the fact that VAW can increase even further during humanitarian crisis1 lead to in some instances tripling rates of domestic violence between February 2019 and February 2020.²

¹Roesch E, Amin A, Gupta J, GarcÃa-Moreno C. Violence against women during covid-19 pandemic restrictions BMJ  2020;  369 :m1712 doi:10.1136/bmj.m1712

² Parkinson, Debra, and Claire Zara. “The Hidden Disaster: Domestic Violence in the Aftermath of Natural Disaster.” 2013. The Australian Journal of Emergency Management, vol. 28, no. 2, Australian Emergency Management Institute, 2013, pp. 28–35, https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.364519372739042.

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Violence against women during covid-19 pandemic restrictions

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Violence against women during covid-19 pandemic restrictions

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https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1712.full

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1. 1Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

2. 2Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Correspondence to: C García-Moreno garciamorenoc{at}who.int

Protections for women and girls must be built into response plans

As the covid-19 pandemic intensifies, its gendered effects have begun to gain attention. Though data are scarce, media coverage and reports from organisations that respond to violence against women reveal an alarming picture of increased reports of intimate partner violence during this outbreak, including partners using physical distancing measures to further isolate affected women from resources. 1 2 In Jianli County, Hubei province of China, a police department reported a tripling of domestic violence cases in February 2020 compared with February 2019, estimating that 90% were related to the covid-19 epidemic. 3 In the UK, a project tracking violence against women noted that deaths from domestic abuse between 23 March and 12 April had more than doubled (to 16 deaths) compared with the average rate in the previous 10 years. 4

These reports are disturbing yet predictable. Globally, 30% of women experience physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime. 5 Such violence can increase during humanitarian crises, including conflict and natural disasters. 6 The gendered impacts of infectious disease epidemics are less understood and acknowledged.

Past epidemics, including Ebola 7 and Zika, 8 suggest violence against women may shift in nature and scale as outbreaks affect social and economic life. 9 Half of the world's population is being asked to stay at home to slow the spread of covid-19. 10 For women already in abusive relationships, or at risk of such abuse, staying at home increases their risk of intimate partner violence. Children may also be exposed to intimate partner violence or be abused themselves. 11 Urgent steps must be taken to address the risks of violence faced by women and children during pandemic restrictions.

Pathways of risk

Household stress can increase the likelihood of intimate partner violence. 12 As people stay at home, families spend more time in close contact, including in cramped conditions. Simultaneously, the disruption of livelihoods and the ability to earn a living reduces access to basic needs and services, causing additional stress. Perpetrators of partner violence may also restrict access to money or health related items such as hand sanitiser, soap, medications, and access to health services.

The disruption of social and protective networks may further exacerbate intimate partner violence and its consequences. Women may have less contact with family and friends who provide support and protection from violence by a partner. Perpetrators may further restrict access to services, help, and psychosocial support from formal and informal networks.

As health and other support services, including sexual and reproductive health services, are scaled back, women subjected to violence may have less opportunity for receiving support and referrals from the health sector. Other essential support services such as hotlines, crisis centres, shelters, legal aid, and protection and counselling services may also be scaled back, further reducing access to help for women in abusive relationships.

How to respond

Although the health system is under enormous burden as covid-19 stretches the capacity of hospitals and clinics, the health sector can take steps to mitigate the risk of violence against women during the pandemic restrictions and help reduce its effects ( box 1). Governments must include essential services to deal with violence against women in covid-19 response plans, resource them, and identify strategies to make them accessible during physical distancing measures. Health facilities should identify locally available support services for survivors (such as hotlines, shelters, rape crisis centres, counselling) and refer women when they seek health services.
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Resources on violence against women

Health providers should be aware of the risks and consequences of violence against women and provide those affected with support and relevant medical treatment. 13 It is important to ensure the maintenance of essential medical services, such as for post-rape care, including availability of the necessary medicines and other supplies. Older women, women with disabilities, women living in humanitarian crises contexts, poor women living in crowded conditions, and ethnic minorities may be disproportionately affected and have additional needs. The use of mobile health and telemedicine to safely support those experiencing violence against women must be explored urgently, as well as other means to reach women in settings where access to mobile phones or the internet is limited or lacking. 14

Importantly, the world's most vulnerable populations will be affected as this pandemic reaches countries with high levels of poverty, displacement, and conflict. Humanitarian organisations need to make services available for women experiencing violence and collect data on reported cases.

We must learn lessons from past epidemics about the failures to recognise and address gender related effects of outbreaks. As the global health community grapples with how best to halt the spread of covid-19, the ongoing epidemic of violence against women cannot be ignored.

Competing interests:We have read and understood BMJ policy on declaration of interests and have no interests to declare. The authors are employed by WHO. The views are those of the authors and do not represent WHO policy.

Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

Footnotes

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution IGO License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/igo/), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction for non-commercial purposes in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Violence against women during covid-19 pandemic restrictions

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Protections for women and girls must be built into response plans As the covid-19 pandemic intensifies, its gendered effects have begun to gain attention.

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The Obama administration's definition of domestic violence included elaborate acknowledgements of physical, sexual, emotional, economic and psychological abuse¹. It spans the length of the page with statements of how it can happen to anyone regardless of social characteristics, and mention of the cycle of violence. for both victims and abusers. On April 14 2018, without announcement, the Trump administration reduced the entire statement to:

The term “domestic violence” includes felony or misdemeanor crimes of violence committed by a current or former spouse or intimate partner of the victim, by a person with whom the victim shares a child in common, by a person who is cohabitating with or has cohabitated with the victim as a spouse or intimate partner, by a person similarly situated to a spouse of the victim under the domestic or family violence laws of the jurisdiction receiving grant monies, or by any other person against an adult or youth victim who is protected from that person’s acts under the domestic or family violence laws of the jurisdiction.²

The page then gives a few links then a video twice the size of the definition of the DoJ "celebrating" Domestic Violence Awareness Month. To comment aside from political affiliation, this blatant irony reads like a dark comedy.

This is dangerous to Western perceptions of VAW as it is government endorsed erasure of all non-convicted instances of violence when the majority of them aren't reported, let alone fully prosecuted in favor of the victim.

Fact Checked: https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/doj-change-domestic-violence-definition/

¹https://web.archive.org/web/20180409111243/https:/www.justice.gov/ovw/domestic-violence

²https://www.justice.gov/ovw/domestic-violence

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Military VAW More Frequent but More Overlooked

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Military VAW More Frequent but More Overlooked

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"Incidents of spousal abuse in the military" were "more than twice that of the national population," according to 2019 data cited by the nonprofit Blue Star Families.¹

O'Donnel, Nora, Steve, Kristin, et., al. “Military's Domestic Violence Crisis Compounded after 20 Years of War.” CBS News, CBS Interactive, www.cbsnews.com/news/militarys-domestic-violence-crisis-investigation-norah-odonnell-cbs-news/.

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Violence Against Women is especially dangerous when one or more parties involved are in the military, to the extent of alleged cover-ups in the instance of missing women who reported abuse.¹

qOxner, Reese. “Army Report Finds Fort Hood Soldier Vanessa Guillén Reported Being Sexually Harassed Twice before She Was Killed.” The Texas Tribune, The Texas Tribune, 30 Apr. 2021, www.texastribune.org/2021/04/30/vanessa-guillen-sexual-harassment-fort-hood/.

https://www.wavy.com/domestic-violence-awareness/domestic-violence-in-military-underreported-cases-not-handled-consistently-data-shows/

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Modern porn is constantly becoming more and more predatory through increasing displays of violence, fetishization of children, and reach to young and impressionable audiences.

DeKeseredy,Walter and Anna Deane Carlson. "Understanding The Harms of Pornography: The Contributions of Social Scientific Knowledge". Culture Reframed. 2020.

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The increase of sexual imagery in advertisement has lead to humanity seeking something more exciting to sell as porn, which in modern instances is violent sexual imagery. This indoctrinates young males into believing this is what sex is and is increasing instances of violence against women in increasingly younger age ranges.

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BATTERED WOMEN - A PSYCHOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE (1977)

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BATTERED WOMEN - A PSYCHOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE (1977)

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Office of Justice Programs | Office of Justice Programs

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OJP is the federal government’s leading source of funding and research to strengthen the justice system, support law enforcement, and enhance victim services.

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Though research increased during the 70s, the issue wasn't accepted as being such a normalcy in the past. Violence against women was seen as an issue subject to be hidden within the household in much of Western society until this point.

https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/wife-beating-silent-crisis

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Office of Justice Programs | Office of Justice Programs

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OJP is the federal government’s leading source of funding and research to strengthen the justice system, support law enforcement, and enhance victim services.

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Being in middle school during the early 2010's, I was always annoyed by the assemblies we had warning us against sending nudes. I mean, I knew that many of my friends did but none of us understood the consequences of the early days of SnapChat. That was until the boys realized the power they held through coercion and group chats. That was way before any of us understood that what we were doing was the distribution of child pornography. Though, the few times I had friends experience "leaks", it felt criminal. Seeing this phenomenon represented in literature is so important in raising awareness and demonstrating the severity of this new breed of offense.

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DOI link for Victim-survivor experiences of image-based sexual abuse

Victim-survivor experiences of image-based sexual abuse book

DOI link for Victim-survivor experiences of image-based sexual abuse

Victim-survivor experiences of image-based sexual abuse book

By Nicola Henry, Clare McGlynn, Asher Flynn, Kelly Johnson, Anastasia Powell, Adrian J. Scott

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Victim-survivor experiences of image-based sexual abuse | Nicola Henry

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DOI link for Victim-survivor experiences of image-based sexual abuse Victim-survivor experiences of image-based sexual abuse book DOI link for Victim-survivor experiences of image-based sexual abuse Victim-survivor experiences of image-based sexual abuse book By Nicola Henry, Clare McGlynn, Asher Flynn, Kelly Johnson, Anastasia Powell, Adrian J. Scott

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Modern feminist literature on VAW has an immeasurable advantage to research of the past: honest female perspective. This is evident in Koss' research which brings to light something women have been conditioned to survive in secret for hundreds of years, that most instances of sexual violence against women are perpetrated by people they already know. Seeing this acknowledgment of the assaults which traumatize women but rarely see administrative justice is an important building block in the societal shift towards believing women.

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Acquaintance Rape

First published:

Abstract

Acquaintance rape is defined as rape that is perpetrated by an assailant who is known to any degree by the victim. In early studies, acquaintance rape was sometimes termed "hidden" or "unacknowledged" rape due to lack of reporting and documentation of incidents. Studies have repeatedly shown that acquaintance rape is the most common type of rape as it is estimated to make up 60-80% of all rapes. Like stranger rape, acquaintance rape can cause physical injuries and have psychological consequences for victims. There are both criminal and civil remedies for acquaintance rape cases, and restorative justice approaches have also been tested with some evidence of effectiveness. Current research trends in programming to prevent acquaintance rape include bystander intervention, psychoeducational programs targeting boys and men, and resistance skills training for women.

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First published: Acquaintance rape is defined as rape that is perpetrated by an assailant who is known to any degree by the victim. In early studies, acquaintance rape was sometimes termed "hidden" or "unacknowledged" rape due to lack of reporting and documentation of incidents.

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For the first time in history, perspectives towards Violence Against Women are including discussions of early prevention through educating boys against it rather than solely placing responsibility on women due to the gradual shift towards a more feminist social scape.

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Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Sexual Violence: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Prevention, Recognition, and Intervention

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Research shows that intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV) is the most common form of sexual assault. Professional focus is often on the victim, but more information is needed about the perpetrators in order to have a fuller understanding of this crime.

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Intimate Partner Stalking among College Students: Examining Situational Contexts Related to Police Notification - Journal of Family Violence

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A nontrivial percentage of men and women report being stalked in their lifetime, and many of these experiences were perpetrated by a current or former intimate partner. This study seeks to better understand the situational contexts of this social phenomenon among a high-risk population - college stu…

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Sadly, violence is often seen as collateral damage when enacted against sex workers and people who peform sexual labors have experienced disproportionate rates of extreme violence for generations. It's still debated in modern society whether it is even possible to sexually assault a sex worker (which, yes duh). The direct relationship between sex work and homelessness makes these women especially vulnerable. Research like this is an important example of the respect towards otherwise underrepresented demographics which is possible with a more feminist understanding of VAW.

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1. Benoit, C., Smith, M., Jansson, M., Healey, P., & Magnuson, D. (2018). "The prostitution problem": Claims, evidence, and policy outcomes. Archives of Sexual Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1276-6.

2. Bindel, J. (2017). The pimping of prostitution. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

3. Coy, M., Horvath, M., & Kelly, L. (2007). It's just like going to the supermarket: Men buying sex in East London. Report for Safe Exit. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit, London Metropolitan University.

4. Graham, E. (2014). More than condoms and sandwiches: Feminist investigation of the contradictory promises of harm reduction approaches to prostitution. Doctoral thesis, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

5. Macleod, J., Farley, M., Anderson, L., & Golding, J. (2008). Challenging men's demand in Scotland: A research report based on interviews with 110 men who bought women in prostitution. Glasgow: Women's Support Project. Retrieved from http://www.catwinternational.org/Content/Images/Article/444/attachment.pdf. Accessed 1 Nov 2018.

6. Outshoorn, J. (2004). Introduction: Prostitution, women's movements and democratic politics. In: Outshoorn, J. (Ed.), The politics of prostitution: Women's movements, democratic states and the globalisation of sex commerce, pp.1-20. Cambridge: University Press.

Chapter Google Scholar

7. Rosario-Sanchez, R. (2016). The construction of masculinity in the online communities where men talk about their experiences as buyers in the sex trade. Masters thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Retrieved from https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/5h73pz48r. Accessed 1 Nov 2018.

8. Stark, C. (2014). Recourse for trafficked Native women in the Duluth Harbor. The Women's International Perspective. Retrieved from https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__thewip.net_economy_recourse-2Dfor-2Dtrafficked-2Dnative-2Dwomen-2Din-2Dthe-2Dduluth-2Dharbor&d=DwIGaQ&c=vh6FgFnduejNhPPD0fl_yRaSfZy8CWbWnIf4XJhSqx8&r=cijxKIUfIjh6xB35XSxKelnSNfz2185wGO_qFr-DFH8&m=SRM2uqbsfk4oGcujhrFJEhkcuRdPU9qT1rjJs7LfZY&s=fbjrHMZVhq2fshW49pTWYSNtiOPE3AL-rLSxsUk0PD8&e=. Accessed 1 Nov 2018.

9. Tyler, M. (2016). Where do survivors fit in Australian sex industry research? Melbourne: The Australian Sociological Association. Retrieved from https://tasa.org.au/blog/2016/10/30/survivors-fit-australian-sex-industry-research/. Accessed 1 Nov 2018.

10. Tyler, M., Carson, L., Chambers, K., Farhall, K., Jeffreys, S., Jovanovski, N., ... Weiss, C. (2017). Demand change: Understanding the Nordic approach to prostitution. Melbourne: Coalition Against Trafficking in Women Australia (CATWA). Retrieved from https://www.catwa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/NORDIC-MODEL-2017-booklet-FINAL-single-page.pdf. Accessed 1 Nov 2018.

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Correspondence to Maddy Coy.

Cite this article

Coy, M., Smiley, C. & Tyler, M. Challenging the "Prostitution Problem": Dissenting Voices, Sex Buyers, and the Myth of Neutrality in Prostitution Research. Arch Sex Behav 48, 1931-1935 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1381-6
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Challenging the "Prostitution Problem": Dissenting Voices, Sex Buyers, and the Myth of Neutrality in Prostitution Research - Archives of Sexual Behavior

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Benoit, C., Smith, M., Jansson, M., Healey, P., & Magnuson, D. (2018). "The prostitution problem": Claims, evidence, and policy outcomes. Archives of Sexual Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1276-6. Bindel, J. (2017). The pimping of prostitution. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Coy, M., Horvath, M., & Kelly, L. (2007). It's just like going to the supermarket: Men buying sex in East London.

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Tyler's writing on instagram influencers as sexualized labor is an important piece of modern feminist research. This article addresses the issue of the blurring definition of porn and advertisement in today's digital culture.

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Sexualized labour in digital culture: Instagram influencers, porn chic and the monetization of attention

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The rise of digital technologies and social media platforms has been linked to changing forms of work, as well as the mainstreaming of pornography and a ‘porn chic’ aesthetic. This article examines s...

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Violence Against Women is now defined by its inability to fit a single definition. Modern feminist discussions include mentions of stalking and the victimization rate of women, digital sexual imagery, the extremely disproportionate violence against sex workers and Indigenous women, coercive control  modifications for anti-feminist laws, personal experiences of women, LGBTQ+ relationships, and constantly broadening topics related to the issue.

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Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW)

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Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW)

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More than 4 in 5 American Indian and Alaska Native women have experienced violence, and more than 1 in 2 have experienced sexual violence.

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Indigenous Women, Girls, and Two Spirits experience exponentially high rates of violence compared to other demographics. Why then is this not at the forefront of modern feminist discussions of Violence Against Women? For the same reason that, through the popular modern police brutality discourse it's rarely mentioned that Native people are the most likely minoritized group to be killed by police officers.1 In a social scape where Native people have to fight so hard to be seen, organizations such as the ones below are especially important in fighting VAW.

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https://www.csvanw.org/mmiw

The U.S Department of Justice found that American Indian women [girls, and two spirit] face murder rates that are more than 10 times the national average

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MMIWG2S - Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women, Girls, and Two Spirit

4 out of 5
of our Native women
experienced some form of violence in their lifetime.

Source: Rosay, André B., Violence Against American Indian and Alaska Native Women and Men: 2010 Findings from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 2016, NCJ 249736.

Native women face
murder rates more than
10x times
the national average

Source: Bachman, R., Zaykowski, H., Kallymer, R., Poteyeva, M., & Lanier, C. (2008). Violence Against American Indian and Alaska Native Women and the Criminal Justice Response: What is Known. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.

Homicide is the third leading cause of death among Native girls & women aged 10 to 24, and the fifth leading cause of death for Native women aged 25 to 34

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Leading Causes of Death in Females by Age Group, American Indian/Alaska Native. 2015. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/women/lcod/2015/native/index.htm.

What is MMIWG? It is a community-based grassroots movement raising awareness and addressing the lack of response when a Native women or girl goes missing or is murdered.

What Contributes to MMIWG? The legacy of violence against our Native women and children within New Mexico dates to the Spanish and Euro-American invasion of our Native lands and our sacred bodies. From the Navajo Long Walk to the slave trades in Albuquerque's Old Town to the current struggles of cases being lost within our judicial system- this is a legacy of violence... This incursion of violence onto our most sacred... Must be spoken about. Many times Native people are targeted in bordertowns for the color of a person's skin, anti-Indianism, and the influences of settler colonialism.

New Mexico ranks 3rd of being the "highest violent" state in the United States with 6,561 violent crimes per 100,000. When we look at border-town violence and police brutality against Native people, Native people are more likely to be killed by police officers than any other minority group in the Nation. We are #1 in child poverty, and we rank 49th in education; over 40% of our Native youth live in poverty here.

Source: Lucchesi A., & Echo-Hawk, A. (2018). Missing and murdered Indigenous women & girls: A snapshot of data from 71 urban cities in the United States. Urban Indian Health Institute.

House Subcommittee on Civil Rights and Civil Liberties hearing on "T he Neglected Epidemic of Missing BIPOC Women and Girls" (March 3, 2022)

Watch our CSVANW Executive Director, Angel Charley, testify before the House Subcommittee on Civil Rights and Civil Liberties as part of their hearing on "The Neglected Epidemic of Missing BIPOC Women and Girls".

On-going struggles that continue the pattern of structural violence:

Jurisdictional - Federal, State, County, Tribal, Private

Lack of - Emergency Services, Amber Alert, Counseling, Family Services

Relationships between governing entities

FBI and Tribal Communication

State and Tribal Communication

Overall Community Awareness

Chapters, Pueblos, Apache Communities

Definitions:

Settler Colonialism: "US policies and actions related to Indigenous peoples, through often termed "racist" or discriminatory," are rarely depicted as what they are: classic cases on imperialism, a particular form of colonialism - settler colonialism...Settler Colonialism is a genocidal policy" (2 & 6). - Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz in An Indigenous Peoples' History of the US.

Bordertown Violence: Towns that are nearby reservations that are economically dependent on Indigenous peoples and that neighbor Native Nations

Police brutality against Native people: Native people are more likely to be killed by police officers than any other minority group in the Nation.

"A Call to Remember our Missing and Murdered Native Women and Girls" By Cheyenne Antonio

"Anthonette Christine Cayedito. Remember her name. The legacy of violence against our Native women and children within New Mexico dates back to the Spanish and Euro-American invasion of our Native lands and our sacred bodies. [...] READ MORE

Slavery In New Mexico, Missing And Murdered Indigenous Women And Girls Movement, The Line
New Mexico In Focus, a Production of NMPBS

In solidarity, we are thinking of our sisters who've gone missing or murdered such as:

Loreal Tsinigie

Ashlynn Mike

Anthonette Christine Cayedito

...the list goes on.

CSVANW MMIWG in NM Handout

REPORT: Missing And Murdered Indigenous Women & Girls

A snapshot of data from 71 urban cities in the United States. Read the report here.

Decolonizing Data: Strengthening Community Voices to Take Action for Our Missing Relatives

Learn how to enter your missing Native loved ones' information into the NamUs database, CLICK HERE

New Mexico Missing & Murdered Indigenous Women & Relatives: Task Force Report, December 2020

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MMIWG2S - Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women, Girls, and Two Spirit 4 out of 5 of our Native women experienced some form of violence in their lifetime. Source: Rosay, André B., Violence Against American Indian and Alaska Native Women and Men: 2010 Findings from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey.

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MMIW USA is an organization which fights boots on the ground against violence against Native women by holding meetings with self-defense lessons and a staff of survivors providing wisdom and strength to future generations.