# data[].attributes.body
ADE. “Arizona Department of Education (5 Pillars).” Arizona Department of Education, 2021, https://www.azed.gov/.

Clay, M. “Phonological Awareness and Early Writing.” Department of Education and Training Victoria, 1998, https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/discipline/english/literacy/writing/Pages/litfocusphonoawareness.aspx.

“The Five Essential Elements of Reading.” The Five Essential Elements of Reading – Reading Eggs, Edmentum, 2021, https://readingeggs.com/schools/five-pillars-of-reading/.

# data[].attributes.body
What is Phonemic Awareness ?
Phonemic awareness is knowing that words are made of individual sounds.

What is a Phoneme?
A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound. An example would be the word Dog. There are 3 units of sound in this CVC word. D/O/G.

Writing: As early writers invent spelling to represent words, they are contending with sound-letter relationships and concepts of print.

Reading: Phonemic awareness is one of the best indicators of a student’s ability to read fluently. The knowledge of being able to identify sounds is what will make reading possible for young learners. Children need to be aware that sounds can be broken into smaller parts to be able to read.

Segmenting and substituting sounds are also a main part of phonemic awareness. Onset and rime activities will help us to ensure that students can hear and recognize the correct sounds needed to form words.

# data[].attributes.body
Phonics is the method we use to teach students to learn to read. This is done with bringing together the relationships between sounds and groups of letters.  This leads to learning how to spell and read. This is why we teach children to blend sounds and letters together to decode words.

When students first begin to write, this gives us a wonderful insight into their phonemic awareness skills.

Explicit Phonics instruction:
This means that sounds and spelling are taught directly and systematically.
Implicit Phonics instruction:
This is when words are taught as they are encountered by readers.

# data[].attributes.body
Fluency is the ability to read accurately.
Fluency is writing the ability to write smoothly and accurately with a good flow.

The way to improve both reading and writing fluency is practice. For writing, the students should learn to write simple sentences them move on to learning about paragraph structure. The more students write, the more they will adapt to becoming fluent writers.
When keeping track of a student's reading fluency progress, it is good to keep a log of passages they read, how many words per minute, and how accurate they read the text. Keeping this data is crucial. Repetition is imperative to becoming a fluent reader.

# data[].attributes.body
I put Vocabulary and Comprehension together because we cannot succeed without either. Without a strong vocabulary, we cannot correctly comprehend.

What is Vocabulary?
Vocabulary is the key to being able to understand the things we read. To be able to communicate in the correct way, we must be able to use the correct vocabulary.

Vocabulary can taught through several activities using both visual examples and audio examples.

High‑frequency sight words are reinforced using a carefully designed sequence to maximize student recall (“The Five Essential Elements of Reading.” )

How to work on comprehension

Lexile‑levelled fiction and nonfiction texts match students' reading ability (“The Five Essential Elements of Reading.” )

Questions build comprehension in the four main areas of literal, inferential, vocabulary, and critical thinking (“The Five Essential Elements of Reading.” )

What is Comprehension?
Once a student can read fluently and has as strong vocabulary, they can now read to understand the text. Being able to understand what is being read is comprehension.

If we struggle with vocabulary, we will struggle with comprehension.

In writing, if a student does not have a large vocabulary, they will struggle to write and be able to get their point across. Without a variety of vocabulary, students will struggle with both reading and writing.

In reading, to be able to comprehend, students must have a broad vocabulary. Comprehension is the ability to understand what we have read and without the vocabulary knowledge, students will struggle to comprehend the text they are reading.

An example would be a student reading the words new and knew. If a student does not know the difference between the two and their meaning, the will struggle to comprehend.