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Energy/Different Types of Energy: OneNote pages

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration:
Anaerobic respiration | definition of anaerobic respiration by Medical dictionary (thefreedictionary.com)

Aerobic Cellular Respiration:
Anaerobic respiration | definition of anaerobic respiration by Medical dictionary (thefreedictionary.com)

Mitochondria
Mitochondria (genome.gov)

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Energy is the ability to do work. Work is applying force to move or change something. Something that has energy can apply force because of this. There are 6 main types of energy: chemical, thermal, sound, light (or radiant), mechanical, and electrical. There are many other types of energy, but those 6 are the most common ones.

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Mechanical: Energy that an object possesses due to its motion or position. An example of this is a hammer getting ready to hammer a nail.
Chemical: Energy that is stored within the bonds of atoms. It holds the bonds together. An example of this is food, because when it is digested, chemical energy is released.
Light (Radiant): Energy that is carried by light. This is usually referring to visible light. An x-ray, radio waves, and UV lights are all examples of this.
Electrical: Energy carried by charged particles. Electrical devices and appliances, like your cell phone, or an appliance in your home, can harness this energy by connecting to a circuit.
Thermal: Associated with temperature. A hot object has more thermal energy than a cold object.
Sound: Sound energy is energy carried by sound waves. Sound waves travel through matter (solids, liquids, or gases), and the energy is created by vibrations.

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Aerobic respiration is a process in which energy is created from food molecules. During this process, oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is produced. In other words, carbon dioxide is produced in the presence of oxygen.
Its chemical equation is:
Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (6O2) → Carbon-dioxide (6CO2) + Water (6H2O) + Energy (ATP)

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Anaerobic respiration is a process in which energy is created by food molecules without oxygen. This type of cellular respiration takes place in the anaerobes. In the anaerobes, energy is released from glucose and other foods WITHOUT oxygen.
The chemical equation is:
Glucose (C6H12O6)→ ethanol (2C2H5OH) + carbon dioxide (2CO2)+ energy (2ATP)

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Energy from aerobic respiration is obtained by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen, and it occurs in cells most of the time.

Anaerobic respiration occurs in a lack of oxygen and less frequently than aerobic respiration.

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Anaerobic Respiration:
Anaerobic respiration - Respiration and gas exchange - KS3 Biology - BBC Bitesize - BBC Bitesize

Aerobic Respiration:
What Is Aerobic Respiration? – Definition, Diagram and Steps (byjus.com)

Baker's Yeast:
Meet baker’s yeast, the budding, single-celled fungus that fluffs your bread - Professional Staff Senate - University at Buffalo
Baker’s yeast: Three surprising things you might not know : NewsCenter (rochester.edu)

Alcoholic and Lactic Acid Fermentation:
Difference Between Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcoholic Fermentation – Difference Wiki
Difference Between Lactic Acid and Alcoholic Fermentation | Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms

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The mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles that do the cellular respiration processes. Many cells have varying levels of mitochondria in them. The goal of cellular respiration is to create energy. The energy is produced by converting chemicals within the cell. The conversion process creates energy (ATP). As mentioned before, some different cells have different amounts of mitochondria because they need more energy. For example, muscles, livers, and kidneys have high levels of mitochondria because they need more energy.

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Baker's yeast is commonly used in the lab because it is cheap, its genetic material is easy to manipulate, and most researchers already know a lot about it. It is also easy to grow overnight, because yeast grows quickly. In the presence of oxygen, the baker's yeast changes sugars from a carbohydrate into carbon dioxide, which inflates air bubbles in the dough that allows bread to rise. When active yeast has both sugar and oxygen available, it "breathes" by a process called aerobic respiration.

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Similarities and Differences Between Lactic Acid and Alcoholic Fermentation

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Similarities and Differences Between Lactic Acid and Alcoholic Fermentation

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Lactic acid fermentation usually occurs in muscle cells. It is the process in which glucose is broken down and changed into pyruvic acid, which is converted into lactic acid and helps with energy for cellular activities. Two main products that are made using this process are cheeses and yogurts. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in the presence of oxygen. In the process of alcoholic fermentation, the glucose molecule is changed into two pyruvate molecule, which gets converted into ethanol and cellular energy afterwards. Oxygen is not required for alcoholic fermentation. This process is mainly used in beverage factories, like beer production factories.

Differences:
-Lactic acid fermentation usually occurs in muscle cells of humans for energy, but alcoholic fermentation usually occurs in cells of yeast.
-The lactic acid fermentation process is done in the cytosol when oxygen is present, while alcoholic fermentation is done in the cytosol but in the absence of oxygen.
-The lactic acid fermentation is used to produce lactic acid and cellular energy, while alcoholic fermentation is used for making alcohol and carbon dioxide with the necessary cellular energy.

Similarities
-Both fermentation processes occur in an anaerobic environment
-Both produce some type of energy
-Both processes occur in the cytosol

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What is Qualitative and Quantitative Data?

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What is Qualitative and Quantitative Data?

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Qualitative data is data that is shown in the form of words, objects, observations, pictures, and symbols. It cannot be counted or shown numerically. An example of this from the lab we did is the observation drawing of the balloon over the cup on the third page. Quantitative data is data that can be shown numerically, using numbers and statistics. An example of this is the line graph we did to show the circumference of the balloon at each 5 minute interval for both procedures.

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Independent Variable and Controls in the Experiment

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Independent Variable and Controls in the Experiment

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The independent variable in the experiment was the temperature, because that varied in both experiments. For procedure one, the temperature was cold, and for procedure two, the temperature was warm. The independent variable is a variable that is changed or manipulated for the experiment.  The controls in this experiment were the amounts of yeast, sugar, and water that were added to the cups that we put the balloons over. The controls are things that are not affected by the independent variable, which is why the balloon is not a control, because the water temperature, which was the independent variable, affected the balloon.

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Was This an Open or Closed System Experiment?

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Was This an Open or Closed System Experiment?

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This experiment was a closed system experiment. I know this because the cups we were experimenting with were sealed due to the balloons, and all the carbon dioxide that was produced while the yeast was reacting to the sugar and water. Since the cup was sealed by the balloon, no matter can escape from it, making it a closed system.

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Experiment Basics, Data, and Conclusions - Credits

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Experiment Basics, Data, and Conclusions - Credits

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Qualitative vs Quantitative Data:
Qualitative vs. Quantitative Data — Comparison & Examples - Expii

All other questions: Effects of Temperature on the Rate of Fermentation lab packet

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Scientific Question: How does temperature impact the rate of anaerobic cellular respiration (fermentation) in yeast?

Hypothesis: If the temperature impacts the rate of fermentation, then the warmer temperatures will create more carbon dioxide because warmer temperatures make the yeast react.

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Experiment Data: Chart, Graph, and Qualitative Observations

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Experiment Data: Chart, Graph, and Qualitative Observations

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C: Warmer temperatures impact the rate of cellular respiration by speeding up the process. During procedure 2, the one with the warm water, more carbon dioxide was produced in the 13 minutes that we had to test our experiments than in procedure 1, which had colder water.
E: After the 13 minutes, the circumference of the balloon for procedure 1 was 5 cm, and the circumference of the balloon for procedure 2 was 8 cm.
R: From this evidence, we can easily tell that the warm water sped up the process of cellular respiration (fermentation) because more carbon dioxide was produced in procedure 2 than procedure 1 in the 13 minutes we timed it.

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Extend - Additional Questions/Experiments to Investigate

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Extend - Additional Questions/Experiments to Investigate

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After completing this lab and seeing the results of procedures 1 and 2, two additional questions I have that I may want to experiment with in the future are:

1. What exactly does yeast contain that makes it easy to produce carbon dioxide to make bread fluffy and the little air bubbles that we see in the bread?

2.  Since the cellular respiration process is significantly slower with a water temperature that is closer to room temperature, what would happen to the experiment if we used freezing cold water?