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Bioaugementation:
This technology consists of introducing cultures of micro-organisms that are selected on the basis of their ability to degrade the compounds present in some polluted sites in order to decontaminated the area, thus increasing the biodegradation of contaminants.

Applicability:
This technology is effective for treating petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated soil or groundwater.

Limitations:
This technique could have other impacts such as the contamination of ground water due to the high mobility of the degradation.

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Bioventilation
La bioventilation consiste à fournir de l'oxygène dans le sol contaminé par les résidus de carburant etc pour stimuler l'activité des microorganismes présents dans le milieu pour la dégradation aérobie.

Applicabilté
Elle s'applique à l'assainissement des sols pollués par les pesticides, les hydrocarbures pétroliers.

Limites
Elle est limitée par la perméabilité des sols, l'accumulation des vapeurs dans le sous sol, la faible teneur en humidité, les basses températures qui peuvent ralentir le processus de biodégradation.

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Introduction.
fungal metabolism has been involved  in a lot of degradation of organic contaminats example hydrocarborn, white-rot fungus is an example of a fungus group capable of degradation , the enzymes produced by the fungi are responsibe for the biodegradative ability.

Applicability.
white -rot fungus are capable of degradating PAHs, PCBs, Pesticides and azodyes which has been demostrated.
white-rot fungus can also degradate PAHs but under conditions of low pH and nitrogen limited.

Limitation.
factors limiting fungal remedation includes
1. Their sensitivity to biological process
2.Their inability to grow in suspension system
3. Toxicity and chemical sorption
4. competion with indigeous microbes
5. slow trans-formation ability
6. negative effets of mixing on ezyme production.

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Introduction:
Compostiong is a managed biological process in which contaminated soil is extracted and combined with agents ans organic additions such as, wood, chips, hay..
The maintenance of thermophilic microbial activity necessitates a good carbon and nitrogen balance. During the compostiong process the decomposition of organic materials will result in a thermophilic phase(55 to 65°C).
Applicability:
when the contaminants are biodegradable composting can be used. Aerobic and thermophilic composting is able to reduce the concentration of explosives such as (TNT) to tolerable levels. So it is applicable to PAHs and DDT residues
Limitations:
The limitations of this process are: need- a large space- volatilizations of VOC's and increasing of the material of additives

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biopile is an ex situ treatment technology that takes advantage of biological processes to convert contaminants into low toxicity by-products.The parameters intervening in the processes of microbial degradation can be controlled; for examples: oxygenation, humidity, nutrients, microbial populations.

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Cométabolisme
C'est un procédé dans lequel les microorganismes n'utilisent pas le composé cible(contaminant) pour leur croissance mais le transforment en utilisant un autre composé pour leur croissance. Elle se fait in situ pour les hydrocarbures pétroliers. Pour que cette technique fonctionne, il faut un substrat adapté pour transformer le contaminant.

Limites
Il est limité par l'homogénéité du sous-sol car il est difficile de faire circuler la solution de méthane dans chaque partie de la zone contaminée.

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Nitrate Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation :

This technology aims to the limitation of the contaminats in the groundwater by using the Nitrate , it can be limited by  subsurface heterogeneity,  requirement for a groundwater circulation system and  acceptability by regulators .

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X situ bioremediation technique consiste of extracting polluants from polluted site and transporting them successively to another site for treatement 

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X situ bioremediation technique consiste of extracting polluants from polluted site and transporting them successively to another site for treatement 

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It is applied for fuel hydrcarbons and nonhalogenated vocs
Halogenated vocs and pesticides

Limitations
Its effectivenes  is limited in doing the tests determining the rates of nutrients and oxygen portions
Soil is needed to be excavate  not to mention that traetment  is a non static

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Introduction
Land farming is a full-scale bioremediation technology where in the excavated contaminated soil is placed onto lined beds of predetermined thickness and aerated by periodically   turning over or tilled . During this process, soil conditions such as moisture content, aeration, pH, and amendments like soil bulking agents, nutrients, etc. are controlled for optimum rate of contaminant degradation.

Applicability.
Land farming has been successful for treating petroleum hydro-carbons and also successful in treating diesel fuel, fuel oils, oil sludge, wood preservation wastes, coke wastes, and pesticide.

Limitation.
The factors that may limit it's effectiveness
1. requirement for a large space,
2. some of the factors controlling microbiological proliferation and degradation such as rainfall and temperature are not under control and may prolong the degradation period.
3. requirement for treating volatile compounds in order to prevent off-site migration of these gases into the environment.
4. requirement for constructing a facility to collect and monitor runoff material.

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Cometabolism is the process by which a contaminant is  degraded by an enzyme or cofactor produced during microbial metabolism of another compound.  Bioremediation strategies that use electron donors that only stimulate a specific group of microorganisms that can degrade the contaminants of concern are ideal for many applications.

Applicability
Methane oxydation via a series of enzymes  by methanotrophic bacteria (  methane monooxygenase )

Limitations
Isolation of active pMMO ( Membrane-Associated Methane Monooxygenase ) from methanotrophs has been difficult since it loses activity once it has been separated from the membrane.

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INTRODUCTION

Bioventilation is a promising new technology where oxygen is added to increase natural aerobic biodegradation indoors. Aerobic microorganisms readily degrade contaminants present on site.

Only low airflows are maintained in the vadose zone to provide sufficient oxygen for sustenance of microbes. Oxygen is usually supplied by direct injection of air into residual soil contamination.

APPLICATION

Bioventilation has been used with the aim of remediating the soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, non-chlorinated cometabolism.

LIMITATIONS :

The limiting factors are :

- soil permeability ;

- accumulation of vapors in basements within the radius of influence of extremely low humidity air injection wells ;

- slow repair process.