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Violent video games and how they can relate/cause gun violence.

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Article title: "Video Games and Health: Sorting science from popular beliefs: Many believe games cause gun violence."

Video games are popular all over the world. Many of these video games have a lot of violence involving guns.

2017 Pew Study

72% men and 92% women play video games

65% of adults believe video games contribute to gun violence

Columbine Shooting

"Columbine solidified in the lives of many that there was a definitive link between violence and video games."

Study by Oxford Researchers:
Objective: Measuring youth aggressiveness based on which games youth played and for how long.
Result: Found that playing violent video games does not have a measurable effect on aggressive behavior in real life.

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After a study was conducted, it was found that there are several potential causes of gun violence that can be prevented with interventions:

mental illness

suicide ideation

intimate partner violence

socioeconomic status

community distress

family life

childhood trauma

current or previous substance abuse

firearm access

Having interventions to evaluate their situation before acting right off the bat could save a life.

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Image from the article: “Viewpoint Gun Lawsuits. The Case Against the Gun Industry" by Brian J. Siebel. 

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Primary Firearm Markets:
- Dealers and distributors are federally licensed and expected to comply with certain requirements including: creating records of an individuals purchases.
Secondary Firearm Markets:
- Buyers and sellers are unlicensed.
- Business does not involve federal association.
- Distribute and obtain firearms illegally.

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Patrice Khan book "When They Call You a Terrorist" has been exposed to gun violence in different ways.

"today excludes the man who shot and killed a 17 year old boy" (3)

"My neighborhood friends went to school where no mass or even singulars shooting occurred" (27)

"Cynthia no more than, 19, a young mother. . . has been shot a year before in a drive in," (24)

"He was a child of 12. And the cop who shot him took under two seconds, literally, to determine that Tamir should die" (29)

"they said, in order to stop gangs 10,000 young people were killed" (58)

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An article called the “Aftermath of the Parkland Shooting: A case Report of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in an Adolescent Survivor” by Katy McLaughlin and Jeena A Kar.
Study Method:
-A study of a 15-year-old female who survived the parkland shooting that experiences PTSD and trauma from the shooting.
Aftermath:

- The victim was enrolled into the University Hospital Medical Center due to self-harm and injuries.

- She was diagnosed with PTSD due to the media, the news, and radios broadcasting the Parkland shooting that left her traumatized.
-Anxiety going to public areas, nightmares, panic attacks, and self-harm in the past 9 months.
Conclusion:
-Remain healing from the mass shooting that occurred.

-Going to therapy with a mental health counselor.

-Having family session to educate the parents how to help their child.

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Statistics of Adolescent's witnessing gun violence 

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Statistics of Adolescent's witnessing gun violence 

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There have been more mass shootings in the past 18 years than in the entire 20th century.

-28% of people who experience a mass school will have PTSD.

-PTSD can be developed due to exposer to violence or negative behavior.

-Victims can easily be affected by watching the media and news of other tragedies that can cause flashbacks of the trauma.

In Ali Rowhani-Rahbar studies

-91% of students develop a posttraumatic stress disorder.

-71% of depression.

Reasoning is students’ mental health are impacted heavily because the shootings take an emotional toll on the youth brain when their developing. This causes the student body to have early and late responses that takes time for the mind to reflect, understand, and cope with the tragedy.

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Public Support for Policies to Reduce School Shootings 

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Public Support for Policies to Reduce School Shootings 

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Mass murders in schools has sparked a heated debate about how school safety can be increased. Since public opinion weighs heavily on this debate, a survey was conducted to examine public views on how to prevent school shootings.
Study Method:
* 1,000 Americans surveyed to get a better understanding of the policies they supported and their willingness to pay for them
Results:
* public strongly supports polices that restrict who can purchase a gun
* public supports expanding school anti-bullying and counseling programs
* public supports target-hardening schools
Conclusions:
* public favors comprehensive policy responses and is willing to pay for it

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Alexis Lopez
Paulina Arias
Briana Lucero
Steve Lopez
Summer Senior

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The associations between mass school shootings, school enrollment size, student–teacher ratios, and student transitions

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The associations between mass school shootings, school enrollment size, student–teacher ratios, and student transitions

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Article called “Alone and adrift: The association between mass school shootings, school size, and student support” by Abigail Baird, Debra Zeifman, and Emma Roellke.

Study Method:

Consisted of a sample consisting of twenty-two mass school shooting cases (Roellke).

Conclusion:

Mass shootings occurred in schools with higher enrollment

Students were likely to have previously attended a school with a smaller student body and/or a lower than state average student–teacher ratio (Roellke).

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Characteristics of Mass Public Shootings

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Characteristics of Mass Public Shootings

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Method:

Several studies were taken on mass public shootings

Findings:

98% of mass public shooters were male (Smart).

61 % were White (Smart).

Shooters were relatively young

Most shooters have history of domestic violence

Study done by Zeoli and Paruk

A study that observed 89 individuals who perpetrated a mass shooting

31% had a background of domestic violence (Paruk)

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Establishing Policies to Prevent Firearm Trafficking

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Establishing Policies to Prevent Firearm Trafficking

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It is often difficult to determine where and how firearms are being distributed illegally. Researchers believe that individuals who use firearms to commit violent crimes do not possess  their weapons lawfully. Instead, they obtain their firearms through an illegal or illicit market.
Article: "Policies to Prevent Firearm Trafficking" by Jon S. Vernick and Daniel W. Webster.
Analysis from Vernick and Webster:
- Virginia "one-gun-per-month" law.
- Individuals were allowed to purchase one firearm within a 30 day period.
Results from analysis:
- Virginia experienced a reduction in interstate trafficking of about 64 percent.
Final conclusion:
- Limiting the amount of firearms an individual can purchase will prevent potential traffickers from distributing weapons to criminals.

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According to Vernick and Webster, conducting background checks and evaluations on firearm purchasers is essential in preventing illegal gun distribution.
Benefits:
- Reduce trafficking by holding private sellers criminally accountable for making an unlawful purchase.
- Dealers would be able to determine the eligibility status of those attempting to purchase a firearm.
- Ensure of possible misdemeanors, felonies, or additional criminal records.

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It is clear that we need to take action to help prevent school shootings. The best approaches include:
* addressing students’ health
* empowering teachers and law enforcement to intervene when students show signs they could be a danger to themselves or others
* improving our schools’ physical security
* keeping guns out of the hands of people who shouldn’t have them in the first place
Certain methods are highly discouraged. This includes the idea of arming teachers and school staff.

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The Role of the Media in Promoting Generalized Imitation

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The Role of the Media in Promoting Generalized Imitation

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It was recently noticed that mass shootings have a “contagion” effect. The way the media reports a mass shooting can increase the likelihood of another shooting event.
Theory Flaw
* does not provide information on which specific factors influence a shooter to commit a mass shooting soon after one has just occurred