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John Punch was the beginning of an institute required to create an empire. John punch was the first official slave in the English colonies.

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The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes and safe houses for enslaved African Americans to escape into free states and Canada. In the early 1800's, Quaker abolitionist Isaac T. Hopper set up a network in Philadelphia that helped enslaved people on the run. The journey was about 800 miles, and would take about 6 weeks.

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The Jacksonian Democracy - Founded in 1825 

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The Jacksonian Democracy - Founded in 1825 

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The Jacksonian Democracy was a system that was designed to maximize profits for the wealthy. The main goal was to let only white men vote and hold the most, if not all, power in the US.

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The Antebellum South was a period in history of the Southern US from the American Revolutionary War in 1783 until the start of the American Civil War in 1861. It was characterized by the use of slavery.

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Frederick Douglass was an abolitionist, writer, and social reformer. He escaped from slavery in Maryland and became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York. He became famous for his antislavery writings.

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The Compromise of 1850 was five separate bills passed by the US Congress that defused a political confrontation between slave and free states. It left some states as a free state, left some states to decide for themselves between being a free state or a slave state, and defined boundaries.

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The Fugitive Slave Act were a pair of federal laws that allowed for the capture and return of runaway enslaved people within the territory of the United States. The act was passed by the United States Congress as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern interests in slavery and Northern Free Soilers.

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The Civil War in the US began in 1861. The Civil War was a fight between the Union of States and the Confederate States. The central cause of the war was slavery, including the expansion of slavery into territories acquired resulting in Louisiana Purchase. Emancipation Proclamation, issued by Abraham Lincoln declared slaves to be free humans on January 1, 1863.

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The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were the first amendments made to the US Constitution in 60 years. These amendments were designed to ensure the equality for recently emancipated slaves. These amendments were also known as the Civil War Amendments.

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The Convict Lease System existed in every former confederate state except for Virginia and lasted almost 60 years. The Convict Lease System was a system which the Southern states leased prisoners to private railways, mines, and large plantations. The work conditions were dangerous and often deadly, as well as the prisoners making no pay while the states were profiting. John Hollis Bankhead, a state legislator approved the plan of leasing prisoners for work.

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Plessy V. Ferguson was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court where the Court ruled that racial segregation laws did not violate the US Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality (Separate but equal) after an African American train passenger refused to sit in a car for Black people.

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Booker T. Washington was an American educator, author, and adviser to several presidents of the United States. He was born into slavery and rose to become a leading African American intellectual. He founded Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in 1881. Between 1890 - 1915 he was the dominant leader in the African American community and of the contemporary black elite.

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William Edward Burghardt Du Bois - 1868 - 1963

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William Edward Burghardt Du Bois - 1868 - 1963

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W.E.B Du Bois was an American sociologist, historian, author, and civil rights activist. He was a founding member of the NAACP in 1909. Earlier, he had risen to national prominence as a leader of the Niagara Movement.

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The Great Migration was the movement of six million African Americans out of the Southern United States to the Northeast. The cause of the Great Migration was by the poor economics conditions and the prevalent racial segregation and discrimination in the Southern states. The motivation for the African Americans was the promise of greater prosperity in the north.

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There were approximately 25 severe race riots throughout the US in the "Red Summer" following World War I. The purpose of the race riots were to assert white domination rather than to express black anger and frustration. The Chicago race riot of 1919 was a violent racial conflict started by White Americans against Black Americans.

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The Harlem Renaissance was the development of African American music, dance, art, ect centered in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City. It was the development of the Harlem neighborhood of New York City.

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Lynching began in the pre-Civil War in the 1830's and ended during the Civil rights movement between the 1950's and the 1960's. Lynching was an extrajudicial killing by a group, lynching was often, if not always used by a group of White supremacists called the KKK. The KKK would lynch Blacks to terrorize and control them.

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Oregon being an Exclusionary State in 1844

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Oregon being an Exclusionary State in 1844

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In 1844, Oregon outlawed slavery as well as Blacks. Oregon was originally created as a white utopian state. In 1867, Oregon assigned Black children to a segregated school. As time went on, 2001 was when language like "Blacks are criminals" were mostly changed, changing things like who was welcomed in Oregon.

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"Minty" Ross (Harriet Tubman) was an American abolitionist and political activist. She was born into slavery, and at one point in 1849 she escaped and made 13 missions to rescue about 70 enslaved people. She used the network of antislavery activists and the Underground Railroad. She was known as the most famous "conductor" on the Underground Railroad.

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Free Blacks in colonial Virginia - Started around 1780's, officially abolished slavery in 1864.  

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Free Blacks in colonial Virginia - Started around 1780's, officially abolished slavery in 1864.  

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By 1782, around 2,000 free Black people were living and working in Virginia. Free blacks often worked as tradesmen and farmers, some owning property including slaves of their own. On April 7, 1864 a constitutional convention for the Restored Government of Virginia abolished slavery in the part of the state that remained a member of the US.

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The first meeting of the American Colonization Society was held in Washington D.C in December, 1816. Manumission was restricted through 1820 and anti-literacy laws codified in 1831. Between 1820 and 1842, the Society sent about 4,500 free people of color to Liberia. Abraham Lincoln supported colonization, and as late as 1862, Lincoln was attempting to secure a colonization in Haiti. The goal of the American Colonization Movement was to export free black people out of the US to Liberia, as it was believed that Blacks and Whites could not live together in the US.

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From the Reconstruction Era, black codes were enacted across the South from 1865- 1867. The primary purpose was to restrict freedom, labor, and movement of Blacks. Some of the codes were things like no preaching, no carrying firearms, no drinking, no vagrancy, no unemployment, miscegenation banned, limited housing, no congregating in large groups, ect.

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The Freedman's Bureau was established in 1866. The 4 primary goals were to provide food, shelter, clothing, and education to displaced southerners. It was established through the US Department of War and was an extension of the US army.

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The main focus of the Reconstruction period was to bring back the southern states into full political participation in the Union, guaranteeing rights to former slaves and defining new relationships between Blacks and Whites. During the Reconstruction period, 4-5,000,000 slaves were freed.

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Jim Crow laws were state and local statues that legalized racial segregation in the Southern United States. Jim Crow was a character that White racists made up to make fun of as an exaggerated, highly stereotypical black character. Jim Crow laws were based on the theory of white supremacy, they were designed as a former practice of segregating black people in the US.

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The New Deal was a series of programs and projects during the Great Depression aimed to restore prosperity to Americans. The New Deal helped improved lives that had been affected by the Great Depression. An important aspect was what people refer to as the "Three R's": "Relief for the unemployed and poor, recovery of the economy back to normal levels, and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression." A policy that has an affect today is the WPA. It provided jobs for many across the nation, as well as it being the reason why many roads, buildings, and other projects were built. Some other federal programs helped banks rebuild their capital and restore the country's economic wealth.

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The civil rights movement was a fight for social justice for Black Americans to gain equal rights under the law in the US. This took place in the 1950's-1960's. Movements like labor, women's suffrage, and social reform gained more awareness in the 20th century.

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The Freedom Riders were Black and White civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated Southern United States. They rode the bus to protest segregated bus terminals. The Freedom Riders ended because the Interstate Commerce Commission declared it would uphold the Supreme Court's ban on segregated bus terminals. The bus would get surrounded by mobs of racist white people who popped the tires so the bus could not go anywhere. The Freedom Riders would then be beaten with metal pipes and attempted to be burned to death.