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-Biochemical reaction in x is light-dependent reaction
-which is absorbed by chlorophyll in thylakoid.
-while light-independent occur in y
-this occur in stroma and needs carbon dioxide to produce glucose.

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biochemical reaction X
is light-dependent reaction, it occurs in thylakoids in the day and produces ATP, Hydrogen molecules, Oxygen gas and water, it needs sunlight and water to run.

biochemical reaction Y
is light-independent reaction and occurs in stroma during day and night, it needs carbon dioxide , ATP and hydrogen atoms (NADPH) produced in the day by reaction X to run and produces glucose and water

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- light-dependent reaction occur in x
- this reaction need water and chlorophyll to produce oxygen and water
- it also produces ATP molecule
- while light-independent reaction occur in y
- this reaction needs carbon dioxide to produce glucose
- it also uses the ATP molecule produces in reaction x

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State the difference between biochemical reaction in X and Y (4M)

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external adaptations-
->lamina of leaves are thin and broad in a flattened shape to ensure a large surface area in order to trap maximum sunlight and to allow efficient gaseous exchange between plant and atmosphere.
->leaf mosaic are also produced in order to minimize overlapping or shading other plants as leaves allows hardly any light to pass through for optimal photosynthesis.

internal adaptations-
->palisade mesophyll of plants are tightly packed in upright management for optimal sunlight absorption, and are packed with many chloroplasts for efficient photosynthesis.
->upper epidermis of leaves are also transparent and no chloroplasts for efficient sunlight penetration

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-the upper and lower epidermis is transparent to allow the sunlight to penetrate
-palisade mesophyll cell are arranged vertically and tightly to absorb maximum sunlight
-spongy mesophyll cell are arranged loosely to allow efficient gaseous exchange
-stoma is at the lower epidermis allow gaseous exchange between leaf and the surrounding

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-Leaf is the main photosynthesis organ for plant.
-Young stems and others parts of the plant which are green in colour can also carry out photosynthesis.
-The flat and thin lamina provides leaf with a large surface area to absorb light and allows light to penetrate.

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Explain the adaptation of leaf structure for photosynthesis (4M)

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human insulin gene is cut from DNA fragment using restriction enzymes. A plasmid is obtained from a bacterium, namely E.coli. The human insulin gene is inserted into the open plasmid from the bacterium and ligate using DNA ligase. The plasmid is now a recombinant plasmid and is introduced to the bacterial cells which then multiplies copies of the recombinant plasmid containing insulin gene and finally producing insulin by protein synthesis. The insulin is then extracted and purified for human use :D

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1)-cell division zone
2)-to increase the height and grow to obtain sunlight

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a) cell division zone

b) process in zone P is important for growth in order to achieve maximum sunlight, repair and reproduction as it  produces new cells and helps in renewing damaged cells as well

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1.cell division zone
2.-to produce new cells for elongation of trees to achieve maximum height to gain more sunlight

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1.division of cell
2.-to replace the damaged cell
-to make the plant grow

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Figure 3.1 (a) shows a cross section of plant shoot. Figure 3.1 (b) shows a process that takes place in zone P.

1. Name process shown in Figure 3.1 (b) (1M)

2. Explain the importance of the process (2M)

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1. cell division zone
2.-zone M consist of actively dividing meristem cells through mitosis
-when new cells form, the cells formed previously will be pushed to the zone of elongation
3.-process that takes place in cell S is mitosis
-mitosis is a process where cell divides to create other new cells
-the root grow and penetrate the soil deeper

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a) cell division zone

b) zone M has to have an increase in the number of cells for growth to take place, the numbers of cells increases exponentially from 1->2->4->8->16->32 and so on. all newly dividing cells are small and similar to the parental cells

c) cell S is apical meristem and is continually dividing into more meristematic cells. cell S is responsible for creating cells and growth to drive the plant into bodies of available water and nutrients.

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1. zone of cell division
2.In this zone, apical meristem divides.The division of cell occur through mitosis.The increase of number of the cell make the cell elongate .
3.The process take place in cell s is mitosis process .The process cause the root to grow and penetrate the soil and make the plant more stable

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1) -cell division zone
2)-the number of cells increase exponentially.
-an increase in the number of cells for growth to take place.
3)-cells divided actively by mitosis.
-all newly dividing cells are small and similar to the parental cells.

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Figure shows a cross section of plant root with 3 growth zones.

1. Name zone M (1M)

2. Explain the growth process in zone M (2M)

3. Based on the diagram, explain process that takes place in cell S during the cell division at the root tip (2M)

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1) - consists of xylem vessels and tracheids
- xylem vessels is hollow, long and connected to each other with lignin that provides mechanical support to the plant.
2) -cambium activities are influenced vy seasons.
-Secondary growth does not occur during cold season because the vascular cambium is dominant.
-vascular cambium is most active during summer because the environment is humid.
-vascular cambium is less actu e during autumn and summer seasons.

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a) xylem tissue consists of xylem vessels and tracheids, they are long hollow and connected to each and every other xylem vessels. it transports water and mineral salts from roots to other parts of the plants through capillary action. its cell wall is thickened with lignin to provide mechanical support to the plant.

b) light annual rings form on a tree due to vessels forming faster in spring and summer with high light intensity while darker rings form due to slower growth rate caused by the low intensity of sunlight, uneven activities of light in the four seasons cause the rings to form around the girth of the tree due to different growth rates.

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a) -xylem vessel is long, hollow and connected to each other to transport water
-it cell wall is thickened with lignin for mechanical support
b) -cambium activities are influenced by seasons
-secondary growth does not occur during cold season because the vascular cambium is dormant
-vascular cambium is more active during summer because of the humid condition
-due to the uneven activities light rings and dark rings produces on the stem of the tree

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Q a)-xylem have a hollow and connected tube from roots to other part of the plant to transport the water.Root pressure and transpirational pull influence the water to transport the water from leaf to other part of the plant.
-xylem have a lignin which avoid the tree from collapsing.

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a) Explain how xylem vessel is adapted to transport water in plant (2M)

b) Explain how dark and light rings formed (3M)

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-insulin enzyme is cut out with restriction enzyme
-plasmid from bacteria is cut out with restriction enzyme
-both the insulin gene and cut plasmid is combined using DNA ligase enzyme
-the recombinant plasmid is introduced to bacteria which is ecoli
-bacteria clone multiplies and produces more insulin
-the insulin is extracted out from the transgenic bacteria and purified

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Inheritance of blood group from father (blood group A - heterozygote) and mother (blood group O)

Draw schematic diagram of inheritance & explain

State % of children inheriting blood group A and O

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What is mutation? (1M)

Mutagen is substance that can cause mutation or increase mutation rate to a dangerous level. Explain each mutagen and example for every type of mutagen (3M)

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the genotype of parent,father: A0 , mother : OO
the genotype of the child: 2 OO and 2 AO
the percentage of the child have the blood AO is 50% and the child have the blood OO is 50%

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Explain production of insulin using DNA recombinant technology (6M)

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1)spontaneous or random changes to the genetic materials
2)-physical agents : factors that happen in the surrounding or in daily life. example UV ray from sun
-chemical agents : chemical sonsumption. example food preservative
-biological agents : organism?? example virus

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1)mutation is the random change in  of DNA in an organism
2)Physical agent:physical agent is from the  physical thing such as ultraviolet ray
Chemical agent:chemical agent is the chemical mutagen such as Benzene
Biological agent:biological agent is the organism
mutagen such as bacteria

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gene mutation : change in the nucleotide base sequence of the gene
chromosomal mutation : change in the structure or number of the chromosomal

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gene mutation is the mutation when there is the change in nucleotide base of gene
Chromosomal mutation is the mutation when there is change in chromosomal structure or chromosomal number.

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Explain the differences between gene mutation and chromosomal mutation

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-father genotype: IAIO
-father gametes: IA and IO
-mother genotype: IOIO
-mother gametes:IO, IO
-child genotype: IAIO, IAIO, IOIO, IOIO
- percentage:
blood A: 50%
blood O: 50%