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Viking explorer
Explored Vinland (Northeastern coast of North America - modern day Canada) - 1042
It is believed that there were explorers even before Erikson that founded America.

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Known for first voyage where he landed on the American Continent
67 day voyage
3 day ships on voyage
Considered a failure - trip was financed by king Ferdinand and queen Isabella of Spain to find route to Asia for a spice trade as well as treasure, but didn't find either during his four voyages.

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1620 - King James took over as a ruler of the British Empire and declared there would be no tolerance for criticism of the Church of England.
The Virginia Company pays the Separatists (pilgrims) to settle a new British colony.
The Mayflower ship transported the first English Separatist's in the fall of 1620.
Originally planned to settle in Virgiina, but the ship blew off track and they got stuck in Cape Cod, Massachusetts/Plymouth Harbor.
The Mayflower Compact was made up of the laws that all the male passengers signed after exiting the ship.

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Declaration of Independence (July 4th, 1776)

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Declaration of Independence (July 4th, 1776)

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British passed intolerable acts which led to the Declaration of Independence
Thomas Paine's Common Sense pamphlet
Thomas Jefferson proposed the first draft of the Declaration of Independence  to the Continental Congress on June 28, 1776
July 2, 1776 - Congress voted to adopt the Declaration of Independence
July 4, 1776 - Official adoption of document, but it wasn't actually signed until August 2, 1776 in Independence Hall in Philadelphia.
Thomas Jefferson- author, George Washington, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and James Madison
56 delegates that signed the Declaration of Independence
John Hancock- biggest signature

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1775-1783
What caused the Revolutionary War?
The seven year war (1756-1763) - Great Britain, Spain, and France were competing to gain more land in America.
Taxes and DUuties (TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION)
The Boston Massacre
THe Boston Tea Party
The Intolerable Acts
King George III's speech to Parliament

Treaty: Treaty of Paris in 1783
Peace, resolved conflicts of borders and boundaries

Alexander Hamilton - Hamilton play
Did so much for America... died in a duel

Stamp Act of 1765
Great Britain implemented a high tax on any printed materials due to bieng in deep debt from the Seven years war
Protesting/Mob violence
This Act put a strain on the relationship between the Great Britain and the United States

Townshend Duties of 1767

The Shot Heard Around the World - beginning of the Revolutionary War

Two sides: Colonists and the British empire

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6 years since the Revolutionary War...
Articles of Confederation worked for a little bit, but there was no strong, central government.

James Madison (author) worked with Colonel Mason to organize the first draft of the Constitution and the Constitutional Convention.

May 25th, 1787 - the first document, "the Virginia Plan" was presented.

Representation in the House of Congress (House of Representatives and the Senate) - Great Compromise, by Roger Sherman

Sept. 17th, 1787, the Constitution was signed.

Large vs. Small states were the two groups that fought the most during this meeting time.

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Late 1700s through the 1800s - "Sea to shining sea"

1845 - Dispute whether we should take over TX or leave it as its own state. This is how Manifest Destiny came to be.

John  O'sullivan coined the phrase Manifest Destiny. His article was criticizing the oppostion to taking over Texas. He wanted all the land (North America and Canada) to be America.

American Progress painting --> America is running out the savages, light to dark, progression is characterized by wagons vs. trains, etc.
Girl in the painting is called "the Star of Empire".

Cultural and racial superiority!!
Mistreatment of American Indians
Fueled the debate over slavery
Forced Removal
Missionaries
Mexican-American War

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Thomas Jefferson was president at the time.
Napoleon Bonaparte was the French Emperor at the time.
In total Jefferson paid Bonaparte $68 million Francs (equivalent to 15 million USD)
Doubled the size of the United States.
Good deal!

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"Second War of Independence"
1. England was restricting our trade with France, they wanted to tax us.
2. Impressment - impress american citezans on ships .. forcing them to be soliders for the British.

Burned the White house.

June 18, 1812, the United States declared war against Great Britain.
Meeting was held... countries agreed to end the war --> Treaty of Ghent

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The star-spangled banner became our national anthem in 1931.

Francis Scott Key is the author of the star spangled banner. He was a lawyer in Maryland at the time. He was the author of a poem during the night when he observed the battle (September 14, 1814).

Battle of Baltimore at Fort McHenry - commander was George Armistead. Flag weighed about 50 pounds and measured 42' x 30'.... 15 stripes, 15 stars, 15 states of the union.

Poem- 1814, was put to music in 1889, military song in 1916, and Herbert Hoover turned it into the National Anthem in 1931.

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1846-1848
Mexico gets independence from Spain.
President wants to own California and Texas land...asked Mexico, but they declined.
Brief War...Mexicans and Americans fought over the Rio Grande river
Americans won, Treaty of Hidalgo, paid Mexico, and took the land.

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North(Union) and South(Confederacy)
The South believed it was their right to have slaves, but the North wanted to fight against slavery.
The North will say the reason is over slavery, the South will say the reason is over states' rights.

South- large scale plantation farming, built almost entirely on slave labor.

Lincoln took office in 1861, confederate forces threatened Fort Sumter... first shots of the war.

Battle of Bull Run
Battle of Shiloh - 23,000 casualties
Battle of Antietam - 22,000 casualties, bloodiest day of the war
The Emancipation Proclamation
The Battle of Gettysburg - 50,000 casualties (three days), major turning point in favor of the union
Sherman's March - 1864

South entered reconstruction era where they had to create a whole new economy.

William Sherman helped end the Civil War by bringing total war to Atlanta, Georgia.

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Emancipation Proclamation (Jan. 1, 1863)

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Emancipation Proclamation (Jan. 1, 1863)

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Proclaimed January 1, 1863
President Abraham Lincoln
It freed slaves only in rebellious states, and only during the war time (President's war power)
He freed them for military purposes... purpose was to eradicate slavery as a war goal and in hopes of reuniting the Union.

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April 21, 1898 - December 10, 1898

Cause: Spain still ruled in Cuba, Cuba wanted their independence, USS Maine(sent to make sure Americans were safe) mysteriously explodes and sinks, yellow journalism - journalists purposely trying to create conflict and fear in U.S. society - used the even of the USS Maine as a motivator to go to war.
US declares Cuba's independence from Spain, Spain declared war on the US.

One-sided war.. mostly just the US attacking Spain.
US occupies Manilla
Peace talks began in August 12, 1898
Treaty of Paris - Cuba was independent, US was ceded Guam and Puerto Rico, US took control of Philippines after paying $20,000 and promising to build infrastructure in the Philippines.

Teddy and the Rough Riders - not trained soldiers, but led to Roosevelt's reputation as a war hero.
Spain was not prepared.

Former President fought in the war: Theodore Roosevelt
Territories that the U.S. gained: Guam and Puerto Rico.

Takes place 33 years after the Civil War ended.
Lot of distress between the south and the north

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1890-1920
No labor laws
The Jungle - exploit harsh conditions in factories and the poor treatment of immigrants
Muckrakers - journalist that uncover the lack of labor laws

Income Tax - 1913
Direct Election of Senators
18th Amendment
19th Amendment - womens suffrage
21st Amendment
Prohibition

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"The Great War"
Why it started: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife were assassinated and sparked the beginning of WWI

Two sides: Allies (Great Britain, Russia, France, Belgium, and more) and Central Powers (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria)

Americans joined in 1917 - because ??
Treaty of Versailles ended the war

War ended in 1919

Trench warfare
Tank warfare

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President Woodrow Wilson...14 points for peace
Transformed 14 points into the treaty of versailles
Led to League of Nations- group formed to keep the peace and solve disputes (members from 63 countries)
Developed after WWI but discontinued after WWII

Congress didn't want to join the League of Nations (US NOT apart of it)
Henry Cabot Lodge thought the League undercut US matters

In 1940 some League members all fell to Hitler during WWII
After WWII allies endorsed the United Nations, so there was no need for the league of nations.

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Decade long fight for women to win the right to vote.
1848 - Seneca Falls Convention- group of abolitionist activists
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (brains) - major figure/activist from this time period... gave opening speech at convention.

Susan B. Anthony (brauns) - worked well with Stanton. - She realized that there would never be complete equality unless women were given the right to vote.
1872 - tried to vote for the presidential election, and got arrested, and fined.
Lucretia Mott - feminist activist and social reformer

19th Amendment - allowed american women to vote - ratified in 1920.

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The Great Depression and Black Thursday (1929/1930s)

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The Great Depression and Black Thursday (1929/1930s)

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Dust Bowl - 1930s - drought that struck the plains and dried all the crops, no water, high wind, livestock killed, etc. (Texas to Nebraska)

Stock Market Crash - 1929
Black Thursday - Oct. 24, 1929 - stock market crash on wall street NY.  - loss of billions of dollars, things decrease in value

Great Depression

Herbert Hoover was president at the time

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The beginning of the Holocaust - January 30, 1933 (Hitler was sworn in as chancellor)
March 22, 1933 - first concentration camps were opened outside of Munich
April 1, 1933 - sanctioned a boycott of Jews

Holocaust was a persecution and genocide of 5 groups of people (homosexuals, jypsies, people with disabilities, jews, jehovah witnesses)

Mission to "purify" their race/country

Concentration camps and ghettos - Ghettos were part of cities that Jews were forced into to separate them from a non-jewish community. Short term stay until they were moved to concentration camps. Many people died from disease and starvation there.

By the end of WWII, 6 million jews had been killed.
Why? - Hitler thought that anyone with blue eyes, blonde hair, fair skin, were superior to everyone else. Hitler believed that Germany was superior to any neighboring countries.

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U.S. and Japan have a history of being in conflict with each other.
U.S. cut off all imports of goods, like oil, to Japan because U.S didn't like that Japan was trying to become the biggest imperial power in Asia.
Japanese economy took a big hit, and the Japanese attacked the military base at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.
Japanese flew in fighter planes and dropped bombs just before 8 A.M. on that day.

2,400 people were killed
1,000 people were injured
Damage to American vessels was extensive

On the day following the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt called a meeting with Congress and declared war on Japan. This became the beginning of WWII.

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1939 - 1945
Reasons for WWII:
Europe was destabalized from WWI
Hitler invading Poland which led Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany

Europe had economic instability and anger towards the Treaty of Versailles

Instability fueled and raised Adolf Hitler to power

The Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan
The Allies: U.S., France, Great Britain, The Soviet Union

The Pact of Steel - Mussolini and Hitler - declared war on France and Britain

Blitz - german bombed Britain, and led to an invasion

Operation Barbarossa - german invasion of the Soviet Union.

Bridge on the River - Japanese Internment in Canada

The Great Escape - (1944) biggest escape of prisons in WWII - tunnels below Nazi patrol

D-Day June 6, 1944 - Allies began HUGE invasion of Europe at the beaches of France.

December - January - Battle of the Bulge - Germany's last offensive move of the war.

End of the war!
April 30, 1945 - Hitler committed suicide
Germany surrendered on May 8th
Last two battles: Iwo Jima, and Okinawa
US sent the atomic bomb to Hiroshima and Nagasaki in early August
Sept. 2nd Japan formally surrendered

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Japanese-American Internment camps were built as a result of Pearl Harbor. (After Pearl Harbor, Japanese Americans living in the U.S. were labeled as potential traitors. They were treated terribly and then put in internment camps).

March 18, 1942 (during WWII) Federal War Relocation Authority was established and they gave Japanese 4 days to 2 weeks to gather belongings and report to a prison camp (the conditions were so terrible).

President Roosevelt during this time.

Apology not given until 1983 - President Reagan signs Civil Liberties act.

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New York City - United Nations building

The title "United Nations" was coined by Franklin D. Roosevelt
Maintain international peace, security, promote human rights, foster social and economic development, protect environment, and provide humanitarian aide.

193 countries in it now

End of WWII

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1947
Truman gave a speech to congress in 1947.
-Get involved in foreign affairs
-Extend help to those who need it

Truman's speech started the Cold War.

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1947-1991
Fear of communist vs. non-communist countries starting WW3
No shot fired
Very long war!!
Arms race - race to get the biggest military resources
Race to the Moon - who's gonna get to the moon first??

Atomic bomb - Russians spied on the U.S. and got knowledge of how to make an atomic bomb.

Ends with other wars, like the Korean war.

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1950-1953 (cease fire), but the treaty wasn't signed until 2018.

It started because of North and South Korea's opposing views on communism... and the North invaded the South because of it.

North Korea communist vs. South Korea anti-communist.
U.S. assisted South Korea (united nations)

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1954 - 1968
Movements based on race, gender, and people with disabilities.
Equality!!!

Main players: Martin Luther King Jr.
Rosa Parks

"Bloody Sunday" - African American demonstrators were attacked by Alabama state troopers, white Americans realized how violent things really were.

Eisenhower, the president, sent in federal troops to escort the "Little Rock Nine" (students) into he school.

Main events:
Brown vs Board of Education
Rosa Parks arrested
U.S. congress passes the civil rights act of 1957
Greensboro Sit-Ins
March on Washington and MLK's "I Have a Dream" speech (1963)

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15 years old and in college.... heard about passive resistance from Ghandi.

Major Civil Rights leader!

"I Have a Dream" speech - dreamt that he would live in a place without racism and discrimination.

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1954
Segregation
Brown case violated the 14th amendment equal protection clause

Plessy vs Ferguson - Plessy refused to sit in a car for African Americans.
Jim Crow Laws - separate but equal

Linda Brown was denied entrance into Topeka's white school.
1950 - NAACP asked Oliver Brown to enroll their children in an all-white school.

The case was not specific enough...but they were able to proceed with desegregation.... led to events like Little Rock (1957)

This case got the ball rolling and set the idea that separate but equal services were NOT equal.

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Nine black students were able to go to a white school.
They were trying to overcome Jim Crow's Law!

Little Rock Central High School, Arkansas
1957

Separate races weren't allowed together due to Jim Crow's Law

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1954 - North Vietnam fights to overthrow French rule...but they can't win and France agrees to grant Vietnam independence. (So Vietnam is divided into North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam)

1956 - U.S. sends military aid to help South Vietnam

1959-1961 - N.V. enters S.V. and kills 400 officials ...the U.S. sprays toxic spray in the forest to prevent N.V. troops from taking over

1963 - S.V. president is assassinated

1965 - massive U.S. bombing campaign... "Rolling Thunder" begins in N.V. and last for three years

1969 - U.S. announces a new war policy shifting responsibility for defeating N.V. to S.V.
1973 - peace agreement is reached in Paris (North would be communist and South would be non-communist)... but N.V. did not keep the agreement and after the U.S. troops exit, they take over South Vietnam.

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The Watergate Scandal - Nixon wanted to win the next presidential election , so he had his men steal classified documents from the democratic party offices.. and he bugged their phone lines.

Watergate is the name of the building.

The second time Nixon's men went back to fix the bugs they installed, they got caught. Nixon worked hard to cover up the scandal and denied his connection to it.

Nixon was reelected... but after a thorough investigation of him and the recorded conversations on tape, he resigned because he knew impeachment was inevitable.

Gerald Ford (his vice-president, who became president) pardoned him. - controversial!

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1990 - Sadam Hussein (leader of Iraq) accused Kuwait of producing and stealing large amounts of oil

Trade embargo - Resolution 661

France and the United Kingdom join forces to fight against Iraq.
U.S. responds with missiles of their own.

1991 - Iraq withdraws troops from Kuwait, war ends with a ceasefire.

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September 11, 2001 Terrorist Atacks
The targets were the twin towers, the pentagon, and most likely, the capitol or white house.
Many people lost their lives!

American Airlines Flight 11 impacted the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City, New York at 8: 46 AM.

United Airlines Flight 175 crashed into the South Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City, New York at 9: 03 AM

American Airlines Flight 77 impacted the Pentagon in across the Potomac River from Washington D.C. at 9: 37 AM.

United Airlines Flight 93 crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania at 10: 03 AM.

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1990 - leaders of the U.S. and other countries believe that Iraq was building and hidign nuclear weapons. Worry increased after 9/11

2003 - after Hussein refused to leave Iraq, George W. Bush launched the invasion of Iraq. By the end of the year, Sadam Hussein had been captured, tried, and executed.

2005 - elections... the Shia United Iraqi Alliance won majority vote

2009 - Barack Obama announces withdrawal of most troops

2011 - U.S. troops pull out.. then are back in
2014- U.S. announces it will carry out air raids in support of Iraqi Army