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Was white bonded labour equivalent to white chattel slavery?

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Was white bonded labour equivalent to white chattel slavery?

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Chattel slavery was often used to describe the type of labour used in the Caribbean. Within this system the slaves were chattel meaning property that could be bought and sold with impunity. In this system the slaves had no rights and therefore could be murdered or raped without redress.

On the other hand, before slavery emerged there was a system of labour using white bonded servants from Europe. For the most part in this system the white servants were given a choice as to if they should come to the New World. Most chose to come with promises of a better life as they would work on a 5 -7-year contract and after expiration they would be given the opportunity to stay and given land and cash for them to remain in the Caribbean. However, in some cases the bonded servants did not have a choice as prisoners were forced to make their way to the Caribbean and kidnapping of women and children became a practice.

Indubitably it can be seen that chattel slavery was in no way in comparison to white bonded labour as these white servants had rights and had a choice to come to the Caribbean. Where as the salves were captured and forcibly removed from their country. They were horrendously treated and were given no room for redress as they were property.

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To what extent was the Indian “Immigration Scheme” from 1845 to 1917 in the Caribbean an opportunity for upward social mobility for the Indians who emigrated?

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To what extent was the Indian “Immigration Scheme” from 1845 to 1917 in the Caribbean an opportunity for upward social mobility for the Indians who emigrated?

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After emancipation, the sugar plantations in Trinidad were faced with a shortage of a regular and relatively cheap labour supply. This resulted in numerous attempts to find an alternative source of labour and led to the emergence of the “Immigration scheme”. The east Indian immigration which spanned between the period 1838-1917 was the only successful immigration scheme embarked on in the region and it began in an official capacity in 1845. This occurred for reasons such as large scale unemployment in India, poverty due to colonial dislocation and problematic social situations like the rigid caste system. The India’s caste system is among the world’s oldest forms of social stratification which divides Indians into rigid hierarchical groups based on their work and religion. Rural communities were arranged around the basis of castes where the upper and lower caste almost always lived in segregated colonies, the water wells were not shared and one could only marry within one’s caste. Hence the Immigration scheme was in some form an opportunity for upward social mobility as the Indians were given a chance to earn revenue to purchase land and animals.

Despite the various push factors that encouraged the immigration; life on the plantations was deplorable and unsanitary. The protector of emigrant, appointed by the Governor General of India, was responsible for safety inspection of the ships selected to transport the emigrants by ensuring that they were properly outfitted and seaworthy. A medical inspector also examined the recruits and if they passed the test, they were admitted to the depot and eventually distributed to the island’s plantations. The voyage to Trinidad was about 3 months and conditions on board were cramped and depressing. There were frequent outbreaks of diseases which led to high mortality rates on these journeys. Although quite a few apparatus were put in place for the well-being and protection of the immigrants, these were more often than not very ineffectual.

Despite the immigration scheme was somewhat an opportunity for upward social mobility due to the caste hierarchy in India; this was not the case on the plantations. During their indentureship, the Indians were not free and were obligated to work for the estate under a 5 year contract of a 45 hour work week excluding Sundays. If they chose not to re-indenture themselves, they had to pay a special tax. However, after more stringent rules were put in place to have them tethered to the plantation. They were only granted a return passage to India by re-indenturing for a further 5 years. Initially, young abled males were preferred while females who migrated were seen as widows, deserted, runaway brides or prostitutes. Conditions were also deplorable as there was a lot of rape, little ventilation, no toilets and had to cook outside. There were problems with sanitation causing diseases like cholera to arise. the hospitals were awful and high infant mortality rate was a major concern. Whether or not the Indians were aware of the real nature on what they were embarking on, they were promised a better life on these plantations but instead received similar, if not worse treatment than what was previously experienced

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He wasn't present at the births of most of them. He was out with his mistresses. The one exception is his eldest daughter Arianna, who shares many of his interests - like heavy drinking.

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Alexei refuses to cope with his grief over the loss of his wife 

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Alexei refuses to cope with his grief over the loss of his wife 

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Instead, he distracts himself with stories he makes up about her.

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In what ways did the Caribbean chattel slavery differ from traditional west African slavery?

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In what ways did the Caribbean chattel slavery differ from traditional west African slavery?

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Before slavery was existent in the Caribbean, it was a part of West Africa’s civilisation long before. However, this system of slavery in West Africa was exorbitantly different than that of the system purported in the Caribbean. In the Caribbean description there was the practice of chattel slavery. As aforementioned, chattel slavery, also called traditional slavery, is so named because people are treated as the chattel (personal property) of the owner and are bought and sold as commodities as put forward by "Traditional or Chattel Slavery". FSE Project. The Feminist Sexual Ethics Projec. Conversely, in West Africa slavers were not property but rather stewards of the master’s business in chattel slavery the slaves were taken against their will and forced into servitude and if not, they would be killed or subject to torturous punishments. Another difference is that in West African slavery there was no dominant race facto attached to as the master and slave shared the same skin colour. In fact, the basis for enslavement would have been determined by other means. One example in West Africa would be voluntary slavery, whereby the Africans can wilfully enter slavery in order to fulfil debts to their masters or they would be made slaves due to crimes or witchcraft. Furthermore, the slaves in west Africa would have had more rights than those in the Caribbean. As these slaves were not worked to death but were skilled producers in a plethora of activities and were therefore not only valued as economic factors but as social being as well, which would have to be the main difference.

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They do not want to ruin their good memories of their mother and besides, there's no evidence of such behavior.

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Do you think that skin colour provided benefit within slave society?

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Do you think that skin colour provided benefit within slave society?

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It is known in the Caribbean that race was invoked to justify the forced transportation and enslavement of the African people. When the West Africans came the racially diverse environment of slavery led to racial mixing between Europeans and Africans which was highlighted by Mervyn Alleyne in The Construction and Representation of Race and Ethnicity in the Caribbean and the World. The children that emerged from this mixing were known as mullattoes and these gained privileges that their darker peers did not. Contrarily, with regards to the slaves themselves colour did not matter, regardless of how light or dark they were, they could still be enslaved and have the same work to do as their counterparts. Therefore, the only real case of skin colour being a benefit was in the case of the mulattoes and that could only happen to the select few of those who were lucky enough to be offspring to a white planter.

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When he goes downstairs, he finds the doors barricaded and the children counting silver

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When he goes downstairs, he finds the doors barricaded and the children counting silver

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They tell him that the house is too big and they are moving him out of it.

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His daughter Eva stops him as he enters the dining room. She informs him of the news he already knew, subconsciously. 

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His daughter Eva stops him as he enters the dining room. She informs him of the news he already knew, subconsciously. 

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Reluctantly, he accepts it. Arianne greets him with a drink and neither of them can bear to discuss the matter further.