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I want to help everyone in any way I can

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refraction is where light from a less dense subject (air) and hits a  more dense subject (water) and changes direction to move towards t s the normal line which is always at  90 degrees and at this stage we do not need to measure a specific angle towards the normal line  remember the angle at which light enters a dense object is parallel to the way it comes out

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Here you go

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lino is an online web sticky note service that can be used to post memos, to-do lists, ideas, and photos anywhere on an online web canvas. lino is a completely free service that runs on all popular web browsers.

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KS3 Science learning resources for adults, children, parents and teachers organised by topic.

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MOST REACTIVE
Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
CARBON

KIND OF REACTIVE
Zinc
Iron
Tin
Lead
HYDROGEN

NOT REACTIVE
Copper
Silver
Gold
Platinum

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Science4CE Revision Resources for Common Entrance Science

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The revision website for those studying Common Entrance Science at 11+ and 13+ in independent preparatory schools

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Here is a video which Hiroshi made sorry that the audio is a bit muffled.

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SPEED=DISTANCE / TIME
PRESSURE=FORCE / AREA
DENSITY=MASS/VOLUME
MOMENT=DISTANCE x FORCE

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http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/ecosystems/water-cycle.htm

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Animal cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membranes like the one below

whereas the plant cell like below has 3 more components: one is the vacuole another one is the cell wall and the last one is the chloroplasts

The functions of these parts are as follows:

Chloroplast - performs photosynthesis, gives the plant it's food.
Vacuole -  helps hold the structure of the cell.
cell wall - the cell wall protects the cell.
cell membrane - this controls the movement of substances going in and out of the cell.
cytoplasm - cytoplasm contains all the organelles and cell parts
nucleus- this holds all the DNA for the cell along with proteins.
Mitochondria (not in picture below)-they break down and make energy for a plant cell (using the energy produced by photosynthesis)

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Carbs=Starch - Glucose
Found in=Bread - Potatoes - Cereals
Used for=Energy

Proteins=Protein
Found in= Meat - Fish - Eggs
Used for=Build up of cells

Fats=Fat
Found in=Butter - Cooking Oil - Cream
Usd for=Energy

Vitamins=A - B2 - B1 - C - D - E
Contained in= Vegetables - Fruits - Cereals
Used for=Vital processes

Minerals=Mierals
Found in=Iron - Calcium - Salts - Sodium
Needed for=Blood - Teeth and Bones - Nerves

Fibre
Found in=Vegetables - Fruit - Cereals
Used for=Digestive system

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Light comes from a luminous source, light is a wave so it travels straight. Ligh travels much faster than sound does, for example when a starting pistol is fired you can see the explosion of the gunpowder first and then you hear the bang. This all happens because light travels faster.

White light is not just one colour it is all of the colours in the rainbow. You can only see this when the light hits a prism or a raindrop. The proper name for this rainbow effect is a spectrum. All light is, is a just a wave of energy.

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https://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/z79n34j

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First 20 Elements of the periodic table.

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First 20 Elements of the periodic table.

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1.Hydrogen
2.Helium
3.Lithium
4.Berylium
5.Boron
6.Carbon
7.Nitorgen
8.Oxygen
9.Fluorine
10.Neon
11.Sodium
12.Magnesium
13.Aluminium
14.Slicon
15.Phosphorous
16.Sulphur
17.Chlorine
18.Argon
19.Potassium
20.Calcium

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This is the process in a cell of breaking down nutrients using oxygen (video clip here)

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Aerobic respiration is the process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen. Cells break down food in the mitochondria in a long, multistep process that produces roughly 36 ATP. The first step in is glycolysis, the second is the citric acid cycle and the third is the electron transport system.

Aerobic respiration is the process of breaking down the food that comes into a cell using oxygen to help power that process. A cell would do this in order to generate a lot of ATP now the basic chemical reaction is C6H12O6 that's glucose plus 6O2 and that's oxygen gas yielding 6 carbon dioxide gas molecules which eventually diffuse out of the cell and 6 water molecules and a bucket load of energy. Generally it produces 6 ATP molecules for every glucose molecule that goes in.

Now aerobic respiration can be used for other molecules besides glucose but we usually focus on glucose it's one of the primary fuel sources and then once you understand that you just say okay, we'll make some tiny modifications and see how we can plug in proteins and other molecules. Now like I said it produces 36 ATP but compared to anaerobic respiration without using oxygen it's slow and it does have that whole requirement about oxygen which is one of those annoying things I mean you hold your breath for a couple of minutes and you get kind of dizzy. Well, let's a look at how this happens the key organelle of aerobic respiration is the mitochondria.

Now the first step in the break down of glucose is glycolysis which happens in the cytosol or the cytoplasm of the cell. But once it's done then the molecules enter the mitochondria where it undergoes the series of chemical reactions that are called the Krebs cycle sometimes it's also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle or the citric acid cycle depending on which text book you use.

Finally it ends with a process known as the electron transport system. Let's take a closer look at how this happens, so here we see glucose which is a 6 carbon molecule that's what the little blue marbles here represent. And in going through the process known as glycolysis which means literally sugar splitting the glucose is split in half into a pair of 3 carbon molecules called pyruvate. This gives you some high energy electrons they were helping hold this together and those are sent off here to the electron transport system inside the mitochondria. You do get a little bit of ATP here but it's only 2 so not a big deal. The pyruvate eventually makes it's way into the inner portion of the mitochondria called the matrix where it undergoes the series of chemical reactions known as the Krebs cycle.

Again we get a little bit of energy molecules in the form of ATP or actually technically it's GTP and this is where we finally start releasing all of the carbon dioxides as they come flying out those carbons used to be in the glucose. We get a whole bunch more of these NADHs again they're high energy electron carriers and a couple of FADH 2 molecules. These are carrier molecules they literally carry electrons that have a lot of energy off to the molecules that make up something cleverly known as the electron transport system. The electron transport system uses the energy all of those high energy electrons to do something called proton pumping or hydrogen ion transport.

And what they do is they shove the hydrogen ions across the membrane then as those hydrogen ions make their way back across the membrane just like water going from one side of a dam through the other can drive a hydro dynamic electric generator. Here we see the high energy electrons have shoved the hydrogen ions across then as they go back they make bucket loads of ATP. Now we need some place to dump those high energy electrons and that's what oxygen is for. We dump the high energy electrons onto the O2 molecules they pick up a couple of hydrogen ions and become water. That's aerobic respiration.

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Aerobic Respiration - Biology Video by Brightstorm

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Aerobic respiration is the process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen. Cells break down food in the mitochondria in a long, multistep process that produces roughly 36 ATP. The first step in is glycolysis, the second is the citric acid cycle and the third is the electron transport system.

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https://subscription.echalk.co.uk/Science/biology/heart/heart.htm

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The mouth
The esophagus
The stomach
The liver
The gallbladder
The pancreas
The small intestine
The large intestine

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Enter your login details to start using our mobile-friendly educational games, simulations and puzzles. We have over 1000 interactive resources all designed with a focus on learning through fun.

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https://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/z79n34j

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Nazal cavity
Nostril
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Main Bronchus
Lungs
Diaphragm

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https://www.echalk.co.uk/Science/physics/electricity/household/fuse/fuse.html For how a fuse saves lives
https://www.echalk.co.uk/Science/physics/electricity/household/RCD/RCD.html For how RCD saves lives

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Nazal cavity
Nostril
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Main Bronchus
Lungs
Diaphragm

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Solute, Solvent and Solution definitions

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Solute, Solvent and Solution definitions

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Solute: The thing that gets dissollved in the solvent to form a solution.

Solvent: The substance in which the solute is dissolved in to form a solution.

Solution: The mixture of a solvent and a solute.

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Tools for teachers

We believe educational software should empower teachers, not replace them, so we provide engaging bite-size interactive aids for you to sprinkle throughout the great lessons you've already been doing for years. We believe software should empower teachers, not replace them, so we provide bite-size interactive aids for you to sprinkle throughout the lessons you've already been doing for years.

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eChalk - interactive resources for classroom teaching

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Educational games, simulations, puzzles and activities created with a focus on learning through fun. Our innovative library covers science (biology, chemistry, physics), computer science, mathematics, STEM, English, art, Geography, History, music, physical education, and languages at secondary and primary level.

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Biology Teaching Resources

Support Biology Corner

All student resources are available for free.

To support this site, purchase answer keys at TpT or DONATE via PayPal

I have taught biology for 30+ years and have uploaded and shared resources throughout my career. You are free to use and edit any of the documents. Tests and answer keys can be purchased from TpT.

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The Biology Corner - Resources for Teachers

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Resources for biology students that include worksheets, labs, and student activities. Find everything you need for your biology lessons here!!

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Thanks for visiting! Right now you're on PHYSICS4KIDS.COM. If you are looking for basic physics information, stay on this site. It's not just physics for kids, it's for everyone. We have information onmotion, heat and thermodynamics, electricity & magnetism, light, and modern physics topics. If you're still not sure what to click, try our site map that lists all of the topics on the site. If you surf and get lost in all of the information, use the search function on the side of the pages.

OKAY! Let's start here...

So you're asking, what isphysics? Everything in the universe has an effect on every other thing. Physicists study those effects. Physics is a science that relates to all other sciences: Chemistry, Biology, Geology, Astronomy, Meteorology, Engineering, etc. If you can name it, chances are physics is involved.

Everything on Earth, everything in our solar system, everything in our galaxy, and everything in the Universe moves and interacts, and forces play a big part in that. Physics studies thoseforces and interactions. Let's get started and look inside the physics of motion called classical mechanics. Go take a look!

That's it for the introduction. Now it is up to you to click and have fun! PHYSICS4KIDS is one of many free science sites developed by the team at the Kapili Islands. You may have also used Chem4Kids, Geography4Kids, Biology4Kids, or Cosmos4Kids. We also have a math activity site called NumberNut.com.

If you're not into graphics like home page image above, use the search tool (powered by Google) that will check our sites for the chemistry information you need. Type in a keyword or phrase and click the search button to get started.

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Physics4Kids.com! The web site that teaches the basics of physics to everyone!

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Make your own molecules

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View this molecule at http://molview.org

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Hydrogen - H
Carbon - C
Oxygen - O
Nitrogen - N
Sulphur - S
Magnesium - Mg
Sodium - Na
Chlorine - Cl
Calcium - Ca
Copper - Cu
Iron - Fe
Helium - He

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Here is a very very long science revision slideshow with all of the topics needed to know.

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Here is a very very long science revision slideshow with all of the topics needed to know.

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Get another person or student to place a lighted splint over the end of a test tube, as you take your finger or thumb away. Then listen there should be a distinctive 'squeaky pop' sound. If you do not hear this sound try the test again and then carry on to do the test until you hear the 'pop.'

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A glowing splint is held above a glass tube, in which oxygen gas is trapped. When the stockpot is opened oxygen gas rushes out and ignites the glowing splint.

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Start studying electrical terms. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.

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Atom: An atom is the smallest particle of a chemical element.

Element: An element is one or more of the same atoms which are chemically bonded together.

Compound: A compound is two or more elements which are chemically bonded;.

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First bubble the C02 through the limewater. This is the most effective way to test for Carbon Dioxide. When the Carbon Dioxide reacts with the limewater it forms a solid precipitate of Calcium Carbonate - Chalk, or Limestone.

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Get another person or student to place a lighted splint over the end of a test tube, as you take your finger or thumb away. Then listen there should be a distinctive 'squeaky pop' sound. If you do not hear this sound try the test again and then carry on to do the test until you hear the 'pop.'

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To test for starch you have to use iodine solution (red/brown) and see if when you add it to the leaf you are testing it turns blue/black it means that the test has worked and their is starch contained in the product you are testing. It is possible to distinguish starch from other carbohydrates using this iodine solution test.

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Combustion: A combustion reaction always has oxygen as one reactant. The second reactant is always a hydrocarbon, which is a compound made up of carbon and hydrogen. A combustion reaction also always produces CO2 and H2O. Eg. Methane + 2 Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + 2 Water. In this reaction you will see smoke and fire.

Thermal Decomposition: Thermal decomposition, or thermolysis, is a chemical decomposition caused by heat. The decomposition temperature of a substance is the temperature at which the substance chemically decomposes. The reaction is usually endothermic as heat is required to break chemical bonds in the compound undergoing decomposition. In this reaction you can see a change of colour, this is because the carbon dioxide is being released from the element.

Oxidation and Reduction:
Oxidation: Oxidation is the gain of an oxygen atom by a substance. For example, Magnesium is oxidised when it reacts with oxygen turning it into Magnesium Oxide.

Reduction: Reduction is the loss of oxygen from a substance. For Example, Copper oxide can be reduced just to form copper if reacted with hydrogen.

Displacement: Displacement reaction is a chemical reaction in which a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its compound. Both metals and non-metals take part in displacement reactions. For Example, Magnesium + Copper Oxide - Magnesium Oxide + Copper.

Neutralisation: A neutralisation reaction is when an Acid and a Base react quantitatively. For Example, Acid + Base = A Salt + Water, HCI + NaoH - H20 + NaCl

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Structure of a leaf (top layer to bottom layer)

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Structure of a leaf (top layer to bottom layer)

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Waxy cuticle
Upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Lower epidermis
(Inside lower epidermis) Guard cells With chloroplasts
Waxy cuticle
There is also an air hole on the bottom of the leaf to exchange gases this is called the Stomata

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environment = the things that surrounding a living organism
Habitat = the place where an organism lives
population = all the members of a single species that live in a habitat
community = all the populations of different organisms that live together in a habitat
Ecosystem = a community and habitat in which organisms live

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moment= force x distance

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Fractional distillation is the process of distillation however is used with a mixture of liquids all with different boiling points so that the liquid evaporates and condenses one liquid at a time.

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Filtration - If sand is added to water the way to get it out of the water is to use filtration as this is the best way to remove the sand as sand is a solid and is not soluble so will be caught in the filter paper as the water passes through.

Evaporation - When salt and water are in a solution evaporation is the best wayto remove the salt from the water because when the water is boiled it evaporates and leaves the salt on the edge of the container or glass that it was originally in.

Simple distillation - Simple distillation is another process used when you want salt to be removed from water. Distillation is when a liquid is boiled then forced through a cooling tube where it condenses then the pure water is left is flowed into a beaker at the end  of the cooling tube.

Fractional distillation - Mentioned to the right of this post.

Chromotography - Chromotography is used when you want to see what colours are used to make certain colours and also to extract those colours from (lets say) a felt tip pen. A line is drawn using pencil on a piece of paper then water is added into the beaker containing the paper so that it fills to just under the pencil line, then dot on the felt tip pen then watch and wait.

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Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. Metals are also shiny and malleable. Metals are not brittle and have high melting and boiling points and are sonorous.

Most non-metals are gases and liquids however there are a few solid non-metals but the main one off them being Carbon. Non-metals are good insulators for heat and electricity however are not malleable and look rather dull so are not shiny. Brittle and ductile, have low melting and boiling points and would make a dull sound if hit with a hammer. (lets think honesly here who in there right mind would try and hit a Non-metal with a hammer).

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Percenteages of gases contained in air                            (approximate)

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Percenteages of gases contained in air                            (approximate)

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Nitrogen - 78%
Oxygen - 21%
Argon - 0.9%
Carbon dioxide - 0.04%
These are the main gases contained in air however there are small amounts of other gases contained in air as well.

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Diffusion literally means spreading out. So diffusion in science is when particles spread throughout the air.

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Non metal + non metal =  covalent bonding
metal + metal = metallic bonding
metal + non metal = ionic bonding