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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Reptilia

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Basically the word reptile came from Latin word "repere" which means "to crawl" and it is one of reptile characteristics.

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1. Turtles and tortoises

2. Alligators and crocodiles

3. Lizards and snakes

4. Tuataras

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Turtles and tortoises

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Alligators and crocodiles

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Lizards and snakes

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Turataras

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They are vertebrates-a bony skeleton that supports and shapes their body.

Reptiles are ectothermic/cold-blooded)-body temperature depends on temperature of environment.

They have dry skin covered with scales to keep them from drying out. Most reptiles have 2 pairs of short legs with clawed/webbed feet except snakes.

Most of them lay amniotic eggs on land. The eggs have a hard or leathery shell and yolk to feed embryo.

They use lungs to breathe.

Reptiles have a 3 or 4 chambered heart.

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Avoidance is the most common form of defense in reptiles. At the first sign of danger, most snakes and lizards crawl away into the undergrowth, and turtles and crocodiles will plunge into water and sink out of sight.

Reptiles tend to avoid confrontation through camouflage. Warning potential predators they are venomous.

Alternative defense in snakes, some first elevate their head and spread out the skin of their neck in an effort to look large and threatening. Some non-venomous snakes play dead when in danger.

Defense in crocodilians, they will gape to expose the teeth and yellow tongue. If this doesn't work, the crocodilian gets a little more agitated and typically begins to make hissing sounds.

Shedding and regenerating tails, lizards that are captured by the tail will shed part of the tail structure through a process called autotomy and thus be able to flee. The detached tail will continue to wiggle, creating a deceptive sense of continued struggle and distracting the predator's attention from the fleeing prey animal.

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Most reptiles lay amniotic eggs covered with leathery or hard shells. The eggshell protects the embryos from drying out, but it is flexible to allow gas exchange.

The yolk sac surrounding the yolk contains protein and fat nutrients for embryo.

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Reproduce sexually, some are capable of asexual reproduction.

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The vision is typically adapted to daylight conditions, with color vision and more advanced visual depth perception than in amphibians and most mammals. In some species, such as blind snakes, vision is reduced.

Some snakes have infrared radiation (heat). These pits allow the snakes to sense the body heat of birds and mammals, enabling pit vipers to hunt rodents in the dark.

Round eye-shaped during daytime and able to see in color.

Slit-like eye-shaped during nighttime and see in white and black.

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Same basic part of the amphibian brain but the reptile cerebrum and cerebellum are larger.

Snakes lack of external ears

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

Due to their short cochlea, reptiles use electrical tuning to expand their range of audible frequencies.

Jacobson's organ, a scent or pheromone by opening the mouth and curling the upper lip during inhalation. The tongue carries odour particles from the outside into the mouth. It is possible that some particles attached to the top of the tongue may enter the vomeronasal openings on the roof of the mouth and sends sensory messages to the brain.

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Most reptiles are insectivorous or carnivorous and have simple short digestive tracts because meat is simple to break down and digest.

It includes the mouth and its salivary glands, the esophagus, the stomach, and the intestine and ends in a cloaca.