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-symphonies
-ballets
-operas
-overtures

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https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/k/keats-poems/about-the-romantic-period

http://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/periods-genres/romantic/

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violin concerto

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Johannes Brahms -- Hungarian Dance No.5 - Hungarian Symphony Orchestra Budapest

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Johannes Brahms

German

Child prodigy

the instruments he used were piccolos, 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 4 horns, 2 bassoons, 2 trumpets, a tuba and 3 trombones.

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Richard Wagner

German

Grew up surrounded by the theater

he wrote his first musical works when he was only 16 years old

the instruments he used were 6 horns, 3 trumpets, a tuba, 3 trombones, 2 flutes, 2 oboes ,2 piccolos , a french horn, 3 clarinets, 3 bassoons, and a base clarinet

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Peter Tchaikovsky

Russian

Lived a short and tragic life

was known for creating the nutcracker ballet

he wrote his music in Russia

the instruments he used in the nutcracker were 2 piccolos, 3 flutes,2 oboes,2 clarinets, 3 trombones, 2 bassoons , a bass clarinet, 4 horns, 2 trumpets,a tuba, 3 tamps, a triangle, symbols, a bass drum and tam tams ,a military drum

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The Nutcracker: Clara Dances with The Nutcracker

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Music from these composers would be played at balls

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Music from Johannes Brahms, Vincenzo Bellini, and More

From symphonies to opera, exciting changes were taking place in the world of classical music during an 80 year period (1820-1900), as composers began breaking the rules and foundations of classical composition set by the classical period composers who came before them. New musical ideas abounded. There was a great surge of composers, each with their own unique view and compositional style. Music became more personal as composers began expressing their feelings and emotions with the use of non-traditional harmonies, unlikely instruments, and even larger-than-life orchestras (e.g., Mahler's Symphony of a Thousand, which featured over 1,000 instrumentalists and singers in its American premiere in 1916). Though there are hundreds of fantastic men and women worth mentioning, to keep it short and simple, here are the top romantic period composers.

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel (1805-1847)

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel was a German Romantic pianist and composer. Many of her songs were published under her brother's name, Felix Mendelssohn, due to sexist attitudes of the time. Felix was also a music composer. Rather than sibling rivalry, the two worked closely together in providing constructive criticism on each other's works.

Popular Works: Easter Sonata

Franz Joseph Liszt (1843-1907)

Hungarian composer and pianist, Franz Liszt is arguably one of the greatest piano players to have ever lived. He was a part of the New German School and became its leading figure. He is well known for many things, including his ability to transcribe major orchestral works for piano and make them widely popular, the invention of the symphonic poem (using a symphony to tell a story, describe a landscape, or represent any non-musical idea), and progressing thematic transformation (essentially, the evolution of a theme by means of variation). Liszt was also known as a philanthropist and author.

Liszt was known for his passionate performances which included dramatic gestures, intense facial expressions and adding his own style to pieces. His improvisation and emotional performances made him a true musician of the Romantic period. ​​

Popular Works: Hungarian Rhapsodies, Années de pèlerinage, and Liebestraum No. 3 in A-flat Major

Giuseppe Verdi was an Italian composer known for his operas, including Jérusalem, Rigoletto, Aida and more. His operas' ability to penetrate the psyche and evoke intense emotion rank him among the most well-known Romantic composers.

Beyond his iconic status as a composer, Verdi was also a political figure idolized by many Italians for his nationalist beliefs.

A few of Verdi's musical styles are so distinctive, many composers- past and present-would never use them. It's as if he owned the copyright. Verdi elevated Italian opera, working on the foundations set by Bellini and Donizetti. Unlike other composers, Verdi knew his own talents and abilities well. He would work closely with his librettists to ensure that all superfluous details were omitted, stripping the story down to its basic, most relatable and understandable components. This allowed him to write his music in a way that would most efficiently express the story's meaning.

Clara Wieck Schumann (1819-1896)

Another major female composer of the Romantic period was Clara Wieck Schumann. She was a German composer, pianist, and prolific performer. Starting at the age of 8, Clara began touring different cities, and she continued to perform for over 60 years.

She was married to fellow Romantic composer, Robert Schumann. They met in 1830 as Robert was taking piano lessons from Clara's father, Friedrich.

Popular Works: Trio in G Minor, Op. 17

Johannes Brahms was a German composer and a virtuoso pianist. Brahms was known for his more classical style compared to his Romantic contemporaries. He composed for piano, symphony orchestra, voice, chorus, and more. With an incredible mastery of counterpoint, he is often compared to Johann Sebastian Bach as well as Ludwig van Beethoven. He worked closely with Clara and Robert Schumann.

Brahms was a "purist" and believed his music should follow the rules of baroque and classical compositions, all the while developing them into a more modern form. He was such a perfectionist, he would sometimes throw out entire pieces because he did not think they were good enough.

Popular Works: Ein deutsches Requiem, Hungarian Dances, Symphony No. 2 in D Major

Ruggiero Leoncavallo (1857-1919)

Ruggiero Leoncavallo was an Italian composer and librettist who is known for producing many operas, but his most successful is probably .

His operas were a reaction against other Romantic Italian operas at the time that sensationalized semi-historical events. Rather, his plots featured everyday life. For many of his own operas, Leoncavallo acted as his own librettist.

Popular Works: Pagliacci, Zazà, Zingari

Richard Strauss (1864-1949)

Richard Strauss was a German composer of the Romantic period and the early modern era. He is known for his dramatic operas, including The Flying Dutchman, Elektra and Tristan and Isolde.

Hitler was a fan of Wagner and cooperated with him in the promotion of German culture in Nazi Germany. Strauss never joined the Nazi party, and his need to protect his Jewish daughter-in-law and subsequent Jewish grandchildren prompted him to continue working with Hitler.

Popular Works: Der Rosenkavalier, Elektra, Salome

Vincenzo Bellini (1801-1835)

Bellini was an Italian composer most known for his bel canto operas. His long melodic lines were praised by composers like Verdi, Chopin, and Liszt, and his ability to combine text, melody, and instrumentation and transform it into meaningful emotion is nearly incomparable.

Hector Berlioz (1803-1869)

Berlioz (a composer, conductor, and writer) was a major influencer on future composers. His famous Treatise on Instrumentation was read and studied by composers including Mussorgsky, Mahler, and Richard Strauss. The book details various aspects western instruments including range, tonality, and use within the orchestra. His music is believed by many musicologists to be immensely progressive at the time, having "romanticized" the symphonic form, programmatic music, and instrumentation.

Popular Works: Les Troyens, Symphonie Fantastique, and Grande messe des morts

Georges Bizet (1838-1875)

Bizet was a French composer that excelled throughout his music education. He won many awards for his skill and composition, and he was surprisingly a talented pianist (which remained largely unknown given his avoidance of performing it in public settings). Sadly, before the composer could enjoy great success,he died three months after the premier of his most famous opera, Carmen, believing it to be a failure. Because of his young age and few works, most of Bizet's manuscripts were lost, given away, or revised without noting the composer. Though it's hard to say with certainty, some believe had he lived a long life, he would have changed the course of French opera.

Popular Works:

While Mahler was alive, he was better known as a conductor rather than a composer. His conducting methods, which were often criticized, were highly volatile, bold, and unpredictable. It wasn't until after Mahler's death that his music became more appreciated. In 1960, Mahler's rediscovered music became widely popular among the younger crowd whose experimentation and beliefs matched the intensity and passion of his music. By the 1970s his symphonies were most performed and recorded.​

Popular Works: Symphony No. 5, Symphony No. 8, and Symphony No. 9

Jacques Offenbach (1819-1880)

Offenbach was a French composer (born in Germany) most notable for his contributions to opera. With nearly 100 operettas he was a major influencer to the many operatic composers to come after him.​

Popular Works: Les contes d'Hoffmann, Orphée aux enfers, and Fables de la Fontaine

After Verdi, Puccini became one of the most important Italian-opera composers of the late romantic period. He pioneered the verismo style of opera (operas with librettos that are true to life). Though his operas are adored my millions, some critics argue that Puccini sacrificed form and innovation in order to please the public. Despite that fact, Puccini's operas are staples in the repertoires of opera houses around the world.

Popular Works: and

Richard Wagner (1813-1883)

Wagner has been described as a ruthless, racist, selfish, arrogant, frightening, and amoral man. Other than himself, Wagner was passionate about Beethoven. Though he could barely play the piano, let alone any instrument, and was an "indifferent score reader," Wagner was able to compose a variety of extraordinary music, most notable being his operas. His operas were Gesamtkunstwerk ("total work of art"), a revolutionary style that emphasized the acting, the poeticism, and the visuals of the set. The music was less important than the drama

Popular Works: Tannhauser, Lohengrin, and The Ring Cycle

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Meet the 24 Best Romantic Period Composers

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Music from Johannes Brahms, Vincenzo Bellini, and More From symphonies to opera, exciting changes were taking place in the world of classical music during an 80 year period (1820-1900), as composers began breaking the rules and foundations of classical composition set by the classical period composers who came before them.