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London 7-b Chiganov
London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and cultural centre. It's one of the largest cities in the world. Its population is more than million people. London is situated on the river Thames. The city is very old and beautiful. It was founded more than two thousand years ago. Traditionally London is divided into several parts: the City, the West End, the East End and Westminster. The City is the oldest part of London, its financial and business centre.

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Buckingham Palace is big. In the year 1853 the largest and most expensive building of the palace was built - a ballroom.
Before the palace gate is a monument in honor of Queen Victoria, built in 1703.
Every day at eleven o'clock thirty minutes from the April to August these passes the ceremony of changing the guard. This is perhaps the most famous ceremony in London, it attracts many tourists.
Occupies an area of twenty acres, of which seventeen hectares are a garden. The gardens of Buckingham Palace are the largest gardens in London.
Ulya Istomina 6-B.

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In fact, Big Ben is the largest of the six bells of Westminster Palace in London. But it has long been associated with the name of the Clock Tower, which in September 2012 was officially called “Elizabeth Tower”. The decision to rename the tower was made by the British Parliament to mark the 60th anniversary of the reign of Queen Elizabeth II.

Шарафутдинов Александр.

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From an architectural point of view, London's City district can be called unique, because it combines ancient monuments and the most modern buildings. So, practically in the neighborhood there are the Tower - the castle on the bank of the Thames, the Cathedral of St. Paul and the famous "Gherkin" - the huge skyscraper of Mary-Ex. On it it is completely invisible, but the City - the oldest part of London, and, in fact, it was outside of London, it was once limited.

The district is called the "financial heart of the country" (and sometimes the "financial heart of Europe"), as it has a huge number of banks, insurance companies and financial corporations, as well as the London Stock Exchange. They do not live here, they only work - there are almost no residential buildings here.
History of creation

Originally they were Celtic lands, then a Roman city appeared, which was called Londinium. The boundaries of the Roman Londinium are still visible, although it was founded in the 1st century AD.

As time went by, in the 2-3 centuries the Romans surrounded their city with stone walls (their fragments survived until now), and it defined the boundaries of the City forever - they have not changed yet. The Roman walls went in a semicircle, the ends of which rested against the Thames, for the next centuries they were repaired, but never tolerated.

Actually, before the 16th century, London was City, and what was outside its city walls was considered other settlements.

From the 5th to the 9th century, Londinium stood half-abandoned, and in the 9th century the first King of England, Alfred the Great, rebuilt it, and it quickly turned into a big and rich city. A century later, another king made London the capital of England. In the 11th century it passed into the hands of the Normans, who built the Tower, the new building of St. Paul's Cathedral (not preserved) and much else.

Over the next centuries the City has become one of the most important cities of the world known to mankind. He was still inside the Roman walls, and he was actually London, and everything outside the walls was not considered London, but his suburbs. But in the middle of the 15th century, King Henry VIII moved the royal court from the Tower to Westminster. The center immediately shifted to this side, London began to expand, and the City became a worker, and then a business center, which remains to this day.
Special Rights City

The monarchs, fearing the disturbances right at their own palace, endowed the city with privileges that at that time were given to cities within their borders, so if the Queen of Britain now wants to visit the City or cross its territory, first she must ask permission from the local administration. Because the city's freedoms, given by the Royal Decrees 6-8 centuries ago, still operate within the former city walls, that is, they extend not to the entire present London, but only to the old one, to the City.

Managed the City (and still manages) the elected administration, in which each guild nominated candidates for voting. Every City resident had to be a professional guild. The aristocracy in the City was not - she lived either in the royal palace, or outside the city.
Contemporary look

In the city there were riots, wars, coups, epidemics, fires - and all this was reflected in the City. The most important moment was the so-called Great Fire that took place in 1666. It was huge, and the City burned out almost entirely. The City administration invited the architect Christopher Wren, and he rebuilt the City anew, having done a great job - he built almost 1,000 buildings, including St. Paul's Cathedral and almost all other churches. The appearance of the old buildings of the City and now determines its work.

The next moment, which determined the current appearance of the City, was war. German pilots bombed the City almost entirely. Much has been restored, but this is about a fifth of what was before.

Now the City is a purely workplace, nobody lives there, and there are almost no residential buildings. It is entirely occupied by offices, very different. This is one of the main business centers of the world, so there are many offices.

Architecturally the City at the first meeting simply dumbfounded: it looks like a wild mixture of everything and at once - of all styles, all eras and something else. On one street there may be a Gothic church from the 15th century, a pair of skyscrapers made of steel and glass, and an empire-style building, all in stucco molding.
City Entertainment and Attractions

Nevertheless, the City has many attractions. The most famous of them is the Tower. Built in the 11th century by the Normans, since then it remains a royal residence, now it mainly works not as a residence, but as a museum (always crowded). Towards the City is the Tower Bridge.

The second famous attraction is St. Paul's Cathedral. You can tell a lot about it, almost all the tourists come here, and it's worth it.

Not far from the Tower is a monument - a monument column erected in honor of the Great Fire. Upstairs there is an observation deck, with it a stunning view.

The next interesting place is Guildhall, the guild hall. Gothic old buildings, built in the Middle Ages (this is not stylization, it's a real ancient gothic), some of them can be seen inside - be sure to go in, it's even more interesting than the building outside.

Another interesting place is the square called the Bank, the English Bank is on it (the pompous building was built by the famous architect, inside there are historical interiors) and the Royal Exchange (also an old building, now occupied by shops and restaurants).

The City includes two markets - Lidenhall (it has a historic building that is now mostly filled with restaurants) and Smithfield (one of London's oldest markets, its market square and the place of public executions, still operates as a meat market, but the building is new) . Both historical, especially Smithfield.

Also in the City is The Barbican - an English attempt to build a "home of the future". It turned out a very strange building. If you love modernism, go necessarily.

The London and London Wall Museums are close by. London Wall is the remains of the same Roman wall, it was found by chance during the analysis of the ruins after the bombings of World War II. In general, the remains of city walls were demolished in London in the 18th century, when they began to interfere with the traffic.

In the City there are a lot of churches, and they are mostly the oldest in the city. The most famous of them - St. Mary Aldermare and St Mary-le-Bow.
Skyscrapers

A separate group of attractions - skyscrapers.

The Gherkin (that is, "Cucumber", St. Mary Ax, 30) - the creation of the architect Norman Foster, now one of the most famous skyscrapers in London.

Tower 42 (Old Broad Street, 25) - a skyscraper of the bank "Natwest".

The Lloyd's building (Lime Street, 1) is a futuristic design included in the British National Heritage Sheet.

The city is rarely liked by anyone from the first time - too unconventional, but many later are permeated by its diversity, unusual and ebullient energy. And in general, the City for a good reason is so mottled - because of the Great Fire and the war, after which it was possible to restore the old one - it was rebuilt, and where it is impossible - it was cleared and given to a new building. And this mixture turned out, and that's why the City does not show that this is the oldest part of the city.

It is generally a very atmospheric place. Streets are laid as they were built in the 9th century, and all this is filled with stormy commerce, buildings of different styles and ages somehow very organically merge with it - the beating of the "financial heart" is felt right away. It's best to go here in the daytime at the height of the working day.
Around the City
Practical information

In the City, many metro stations: Barbican, St. Paul, Mansion House, Liverpool Street, Monument and Tower Hill - any one fits. They are always crowded, so you should not go for a walk in the City at peak time.

In general, to go to the City in the off-hours is pointless - you, perhaps, will be the only person on the street, there at this time there is nothing to do. The atmosphere is good only during business hours.

In the City, there are a lot of cafes, restaurants and take-away food, but all institutions (shops, banks and everything else) are open only in standard working hours.
Around the City

Opposite the Tower on the other side of the river is the Saverwick Cathedral, very ancient, and opposite the St. Paul's Cathedral is the Tate Modern Art Gallery and the reconstruction of Shakespeare's Globus Theater (the building was restored according to historical drawings on the site where it used to be). On the other hand, the City is adjoined Holborn (the legal district), several university zones and disadvantaged, dirty areas, where you should not walk.
Kharchenko Andrey 6-C (6-В)

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Big Ben - the popular tourist name of the clock tower of the Palace of Westminster. The official name of the tower from 2012 is the Elizabeth Tower (English Elizabeth Tower) .
Initially, "Big Ben" was the name of the largest of the five bells, but often this name is mistakenly referred to both the clock and the clock tower as a whole .
At the time of casting, Big Ben was the largest and heaviest (13.7 tons) bell of the United Kingdom. In 1881, the bell of the Great Paul (17 tons) gave first place.
Брыжак Павел - В

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In 2010, after filming the last part of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the film crew saw that they had a lot of things left after the shootings. Therefore, they decided to show from all. As a result, on March 31, 2012, the museum opened. There is a Dumbledore Cabinet, the Ministry magic and many others.
Дринь Вероника 6-Б

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The palace is guarded by the Court Division, consisting of a regiment of the Guards infantry and the Royal Horse Guards Regiment. Every day at 11:30 from April to August (in the remaining months - every other day), there is a ceremony of changing the guard. This is perhaps the most famous ceremony in London; it attracts many tourists. In summer, the palace is visited by about 50,000 guests who take part in receptions in the royal garden, where there is a lake and waterfalls. The picture of natural nature is supplemented by flamingo birds, the peace of which is not disturbed even by royal helicopters circling over the garden.

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Buckingham Palace - the official London residence of British monarchs (now - Queen Elizabeth II). Located opposite Mall street and Green Park with white marble and gilded monument to Queen Victoria. When the monarch is in the palace, the royal standard flutters above the roof of the palace.The palace is guarded by the Court Division, consisting of a regiment of the Guards infantry and the Royal Horse Guards Regiment. Every day at 11:30 from April to August (in the remaining months - every other day), there is a ceremony of changing the guard. This is perhaps the most famous ceremony in London; it attracts many tourists. In summer, the palace is visited by about 50,000 guests who take part in receptions in the royal garden, where there is a lake and waterfalls. The picture of natural nature is supplemented by flamingo birds, the peace of which is not disturbed even by royal helicopters circling over the garden.

Korzhenko 6-B

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Big Ben is the national symbol of Great Britain.
It is a clock on the tower of the Palace of Westminster in London. Namely, it is a bell in the clock. The designer of the tower is English architect August Pugin. He designed it in 1858. It weights 13.5 tons and it is 318 feet high. Big Ben is one of the famous buildings of the UK.

Желиховский Павел 6-Б

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We have already written about various places in London that are connected with Harry Potter - "10 places of Harry Potter in London". Now it's time for the museum. The opening of the Harry Potter Museum in 2012 for many fans of the legendary story of the wizard and his friends was a joyful event. People who want to find themselves in this real world of magic and incredible wonders, even for a while, want to get to this place.

The museum itself is located in the town of Livsden near London. There are two huge shooting pavilions and an open area, which occupy an area of ​​23,000 square meters. meters. A three-hour tour of the cinema complex will acquaint visitors with the history of making Harry Potter films and with many rooms, details that have been preserved in the same form since the shooting.Gancheva Alexandra 6-C

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It is thought that Big Ben is a high tower with a very big clock, but that's not really true. In fact, this tower is called Saint Stephens Tower, but people, even those who live in the UK, are used to calling it "Big Ben ." Actually, Big Ben is the huge bell inside the building.
Шудрик Наталья 6-В

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London is famous for its parks. Combined, all these parks cover more land than the Principality of Monaco. The most well-known is the Hyde Park. It is a traditional place of festivals and celebration.

Скляр Мила 6-в

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The famous London cab of the black cab has its own history, culture and traditions. Black cab is one of the symbols of London, along with red double decker buses, red phone booths and Big Ben. The history of the English taxi began in 1639. At first four-wheeled carriages were used. Already in the 1850s, more maneuverable open two-wheeled vehicles - cabriolets (hence the name "cab") traveled along the streets of London. At the beginning of the 20th century, the production of cars created especially for the London taxi began. In new cars counters have been built in, therefore the name of a taxi (tax - the tax, payment) has appeared. The modern London cab inherited its silhouette from the Austin FX3 model of 1948. The high body of a taxi is traditionally black, inside there is a partition dividing the driver and passengers. In England there is an unwritten rule: nothing should make a gentleman bare his head, even if he sits in a taxi. All drivers of London cabs are specially trained and must know the city perfectly, so that if necessary, replace the guide with curious passengers.

Bakushev Nikita 6-B

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Big Ben is the nickname for the Great Bell of the clock at the north end of the Palace of Westminster in London[1] and is usually extended to referto both the clock and the clock tower. The official name of the tower in which Big Ben is located was originally the Clock Tower, but it was renamed Elizabeth Tower in 2012 to mark the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II.
6-B Ерошенко Полина

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Trafalgar Square is a public square in the City of Westminster, Central London, built around the area formerly known as Charing Cross. Its name commemorates the Battle of Trafalgar, a British naval victory in the Napoleonic Wars with France and Spain that took place on 21 October 1805 off the coast of Cape Trafalgar. The square has been used for community gatherings and political demonstrations. At the moment, Trafalgar Square is the most popular square in London. Almost all tourists begin to explore London from Trafalgar Square.
Медведев Денис 6-В

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The London Eye is a large the Millennium Wheel and one of the largest observation wheels world.Since mid-January 2015 it known in branding as the Coca-Cola Eye, after an agreement signed in September 2014

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The London Eye is a large the Millennium Wheel and one of the largest observation wheels world.Since mid-January 2015 it known in branding as the Coca-Cola Eye, after an agreement signed in September 2014

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Dzetsina Katya 6-A

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The London Eye is a large the Millennium Wheel and one of the largest observation wheels world.Since mid-January 2015 it known in branding as the Coca-Cola Eye, after an agreement signed in September 2014

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The London Eye is a large the Millennium Wheel and one of the largest observation wheels world.Since mid-January 2015 it known in branding as the Coca-Cola Eye, after an agreement signed in September 2014

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The Queen's favourite summer home is Windsor Castle. It's outside London. When the Queen is at home , the flag flies from the Round Castle.  Ярослава Глагольева 6-В

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The Tower of London is probably the most famous tower in the world. It has a very interesting past. It was a royal palace and a prison. Today it's a museum. You can see the Crown Jewels there.   Захарова Валерия 6-В класс

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“Harrods” is considered the world’s best department store. It is located in Knightsbridge, London, theUK. It attracts customers from all over the world. Millions of people go there.
The history of “Harrods” began with a small food shop which was opened by Charles Henry Harrod in 1849. There was only one room and two shop assistants there. By 1880 that small shop has become a large department store.
Now it is the largest department store in Europe. It has 330 different departments on seven floors.
What can people buy there? Products on offer include clothes and shoes, toys, food and drinks, and much more. In case you are tired you can enjoy a meal in one of the thirty eateries which serve everything from tea to other countries’ cuisine.
You should watch what you wear when you are visiting “Harrods”. People cannot enter the shop if they are wearing short skirts or dresses, swimwear, ripped jeans and just dirty clothes.
Many people sleep outside the store all night to be first in when the doors open on the first day of sales. | Katya Barabolya 6-A

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Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress or Tower of London

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Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress or Tower of London

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The Tower of London is the fortress on the north bank of the Thames river. This is the historic center of London, one of England's oldest buildings. As the Duke of Edinburgh wrote:" The Tower of London was a fortress, a palace, an arsenal, a mint, a prison, an observatory, a zoo, a place that attracts tourists."
The foundation of the Tower is attributed to William I. After the Norman conquest of England, William I began to erect defensive castles . One of the biggest in 1078 was the Tower.
Today, the Tower of London is one of the main attractions of Great Britain.
At present, the main buildings of the Tower are a museum and an armory, where the treasures of the British crown are kept. In the Tower there is also a number of private apartments, in which the service staff and high guests are mostly residing.

| Mamchur Polina 6-A |

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Buckingham Palace is the official London residence of the Sovereign.The daily ceremony of the Changing of the Guards takes place in its courtyard.The palace was built in 1703 by the Duke of Buckingham. Piccadilly Circus is an important meeting. At its heart is a bronze fountain topped by a figure of a winged archer, know as Eros, the pagan god of love.This area is now famous for its theatres, clubs and shops. Whitehall is a street in central London running fromTrafalgar Square to the Houses of Parliament and where many improtant buildings and government offices are situated such as the Treasury, Admiralty and others.The Prime Minister's residence at № 10 Downing Street is directly connected to Whitehall. St Jame's Park,Green Park, Hyde Park, and Kensington Gardens are linked together. They form 313 hestares of open parkland in the heart of London. The Houses of Parliament are often referred to as the Palace of Westminster.Big Ben in St Stephen's Tower is a name of the huge131/2 ton bell that strikes the hours.  Marina Bazylewich 6-B

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The London Eye is a Ferris wheel, built in the capital of England for the celebration of the millennium. The second name of this attraction is the "Wheel of the Millennium".
By the time of construction, the London Eye was the tallest Ferris wheel in the world. Its height is 135 meters from the base. Later, the London Eye gave way to a similar attraction in Singapore. It is also planned to build several even higher attractions.
Eye  has 32 transparent capsule-cabins, each of which accommodates up to 25 people. At the same time, 800 people can ride at the attraction. And for a year, his human turnover is already over 3.5 million people! In the space booths you can order champagne and strawberries, if you want - to go for a ride in the Cupid Capsule for two (+ waiter).
The wheel rotates completely in 30 minutes. Therefore, all the people sitting in the cabins, have time to enjoy the wonderful view of London, literally from a bird's eye view. The wheel never stops for loading / unloading passengers. They say that in clear weather from the top of the London Eye, even Windsor (to which, for a minute

Kachan margarita 6-A.

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A very popular method of travel in London tourists ROUTMASTERY. Usually a 2-day ticket costs £ 30. Routmaster has all sorts of amenities: chargers for phones, a TV for acquaintance with the city and the like. Most often, places are bought up on the second floor of the bus, but sometimes more budget tourists buy and on the first. The guide must know several languages, that is, Russian, English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, German, Italian and a few others. To get behind the wheel of a London bus, drivers need to pass a 55-hour training course.

London double-decker buses are considered one of the business cards of London. And this is not surprising, because they are colorful and have an unusual design, they have decorated the streets of the city for many years. Until 1907, every bus route in London had its own color. To stand out against the competition, London General Omnibus painted its buses in red. Later it became dominant among all, and red buses filled the London roads. On Saturday, July 4, 1829, George Shiliber launched on the streets of London the first omnibus - a cart drawn by a troika of horses, which could accommodate 22 people. He borrowed the idea of ​​such a city transport from Paris. London Routemaster was commissioned in 1959 as a replacement for trolleybuses. In 1977, the capital "Routmasters" painted in silver in honor of the silver anniversary of the Queen - 25 years on the throne. In 2012, they gained a golden color - in honor of the diamond anniversary of Elizabeth II on the throne. During the Second World War, buses were used to transport postal pigeons. To get behind the wheel of a London bus, drivers need to pass a 55-hour training course. There is a legend that a London bus travels along the London roads. They say that at the intersection of St. Mark's Road and Cambridge Gardens they often see a bus at number 7, which suddenly appears and disappears as well. Perhaps this story would not have got accustomed to urban legends, if there had not been many accidents in this place under mysterious circumstances.
Goldovsky  Aleksandry 6-B

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The Tower Bridge in London is a drawbridge, which i s located in the heart of the capital of Great Britain.
It is located in the beautiful location above the River Thames in the direct vicinity of the Tower of London.

The Tower Bridge was commissioned in 1894. The bridge is considered one of the main symbols of London and Great Britain, standing on the same line with the famous Big Ben.
The bridge was designed by the famous architect Horas Johnson. The Bridge`s length is 244 meters. It`s got two towers. The central span between them, the length of which is 61 meters, is divided into two lifting wings, designed for skipping vessels can rise to the angle of 83 °.
There are galleries in two towers of the Bridge, but they are used exclusively as an observation deck and museum.
I think, the Tower Bridge is a beautiful architectural structure of the 19th century.
Ira Levada 6-A

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Big Ben is a popular tourist name for the clock tower of Westminster Palace. The official name of the tower from 2012 is the Tower of Elizabeth.  The tower was erected according to the design of the English architect Augustus Pugine in the Gothic style in 1859, the tower clock was launched on May 31, 1859 of the year.  The Tower of Elizabeth is one of the most recognizable symbols of Great Britain, often used in souvenirs, advertising, movies.
It is believed that the bell was named after Big Ben in honor of Sir Benjamin Hall, the curator of construction work. According to another version, it is named after Benjamin Kaunt, a popular heavyweight boxer.
The official name until September 2012 was the "Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster", in the press it was often called the Tower of St.. Stefan. By decision of the British Parliament renamed the Tower of Elizabeth, in honor of the 60th anniversary of the reign of Queen Elizabeth II.
Anton Grebenuk 6-А