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Allies of the Republican Party candidate Rutherford Hayes met in secret with moderate southern Democrats in order to negotiate acceptance of Hayes’ election. The Democrats agreed not to block Hayes’ victory on the condition that Republicans withdraw all federal troops from the South, thus consolidating Democratic control over the region. Florida, Louisiana and South Carolina became Democratic once again, effectively marking the end of the Reconstruction era.

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The act removed voting restrictions against the ones who rebelled except for the higher ups who commanded the south.

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Passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence, the acts banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, and gave the U.S. military the authority to enforce the acts.

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System of agriculture or agricultural production in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land. This helped with African Americans since it helped them farm for themselves and their family and give a portion to the land owners.

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Scalawags: Local whites in the South who had resettled there and supported or entered Reconstruction governments. They were ex-Whigs seeking to reenter politics and believed in congressional reconstruction.
Carpetbaggers: Northerners who were the opponents to the Scalawags, they were well-educated, middle-class professionals and many were former Union soldiers attracted by the South's climate and cheap land.

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Prohibited discrimination against blacks in public places. Helped towards equality but made a huge flaw of equal but separate. This flaw created a huge problem in the later years.

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The 15th Amendment, granting African-American men the right to vote, was adopted into the U.S. Constitution in 1870. Despite the amendment, by the late 1870s discriminatory practices were used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote, especially in the South. It wasn’t until the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that legal barriers were outlawed at the state and local levels if they denied blacks their right to vote under the 15th Amendment.

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Republican Ulysses S. Grant opposed Horace Seymour, the Democratic governor of New York.The Democrats attacked the Republican management of Reconstruction and black suffrage.The Republicans questioned the wartime patriotism of all Democrats.In the end Grant won

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Temporarily divided the South into five military districts and outlined how governments based on universal (male) suffrage were to be organized. The law also required southern states to ratify the 14th Amendment, which broadened the definition of citizenship, granting “equal protection” of the Constitution to former slaves, before they could rejoin the Union.

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14th amendment: Anyone born in the United States counted as a citizen and was given the rights just like any other citizen. This helped the African American majority since many of them were not given any rights but only freedom.

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13th amendment: Made slavery illegal in 1865. Many sought out to seek new jobs and moved to a higher African American population to live at. This amendment gave the population freedom but didn't give them equality. It still did not give any legal rights. Still it was another stepping stone towards equality. Freedom could be taken away if found guilty of a crime.

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The act was passed by congress to protect rights of African Americans and also extended the Freedmen's Bureau for two more years Johnson vetoed the act but congress passed it anyway. His actions would push moderates into radical camps but after both sides weakened.

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Republicans feared Johnson's opposition to congress. They went against Johnson's vetoes and took control of reconstruction policies and enforced suffrage for freed males. They gained control over the house and senate and were able to override Johnson's vetoes

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Andrew Johnson's plan for reconstruction created tension in the cabinet and congress because Johnson kept vetoing congress acts to give rights to freed slaves. The cabinet was made up of Lincoln supporters. Johnson was impeached because fired a cabinet member which violated the Tenure Office Act (pres. had to seek senates approval before firing official). This caused a power struggle between the president and congress and this led to his impeachment trials

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President Johnson plan for reconstruction gave the white south a pass regulating the transition from slavery to freedom and offered no role for blacks in south politics. He is considered one of the worst presidents

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The speech was given in the final days of the war and a month before his assassination. In his speech, Lincoln welcomed back the south and talked about there reunification .

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Established in 1865 by Congress to help millions of former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the Civil War.Although intentions may have meant well the bureau  was prevented from fully carrying out its programs due to a shortage of funds and personnel, along with the politics of race and Reconstruction.

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Required 50% voters of a state to take a loyalty oath: permitted only non-Confederates to vote for a new state constitution. Lincoln refused to sign this bill.

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Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction 

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Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction 

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Was Lincolns plan for postwar reconstruction. First, it allowed for a full pardon for and restoration of property to all engaged in the rebellion with the exception of the highest Confederate officials and military leaders. Second, it allowed for a new state government to be formed when 10 percent of the eligible voters had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States. Third, the Southern states admitted in this fashion were encouraged to enact plans to deal with the freed slaves so long as their freedom was not compromised.

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On April 9th, 1865, Gen. Lee of the south surrendered his army over the Gen. Grant of the North which ended the war.

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This was a march from Atlanta to Savannah led by Gen. Sherman who used this march to completely destroy the south idea of winning the war. He ransacked and burned down what he could of cities he crossed during the march and even captured Atlanta which was a huge blow to the south.

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The idea of putting every possible resource a nation has towards the war effort. For example. The wilderness campaign was not looking well for the union from the beginning but Grant refused to surrender and pushed on losing many of his men but winning the battle.

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The most important battle of the war, it was led by Confederate Gen. Lee and Union Gen. George G. Meade. The most known part of the battle is Picketts Charge, where Lee ordered 15,000 soldiers to attack union lines but ended up failing giving the union the victory.

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Union forces led a siege against the confederate stronghold at Vicksburg,Mississippi. Union General Grants victory was able to free the Mississippi river from any large Confederate hold.

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The fort was known for the battle that killed Union Colonel Robert Gould Shaw and 272 of his troops. The assault was led by the union on the confederate hold but was unsuccessful. The battle is important because of how the 54th Massachusetts was the union infantry and they were a African american unit.

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The Union was able to capture the southern city because of the poor resistance the south had offered. The loss of the city was a huge blow to the south but became a highway to Mississippi for the union.

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The battle was considered to be Gen. Lee's greatest victory. He was outnumbered by the union who was commanded by Joseph Hooker but was able to push them back which resulted in a south victory but sadly for them they had lost one the best generals, Thomas "stonewall" Jackson, to friendly fire.

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The south launched a attack against the union who was commanded by Ulysses S. Grant. Initially the south seemed to have the upper hand but they were stopped and pushed back by the union making it a union victory but the body count was high on both sides which reminded both sides how bloody and long the war was going to be.

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a battle between the Monitor and the Virginia, it was the first battle in history between ironclad ships. The south had tried to break through union blockade of southern ports but both ships were evenly matched and after hours of battle they both just gave up and the Virginia retreated.

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The largest concentration of troops in any civil war battle with nearly 200,000 soldiers. The battle ended with heavy losses and the union being pushed back which was bad for union morale but good for southern spirit. Lincoln also replaced the Gen. during the attack Burnside with Joseph Hooker .

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Was a suprise attack that led by Union Gen. McCellan on Gen.Lee south army. Lee was successful on retreating and this led to Lincoln removing McCellan from Gen

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Union operation led by Gen. McCellan that was intended to capture Richmond but was unsuccessful due to the emergence of Gen.Lee of the South, who turned the operation in to the Seven Days Battles.

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1st major battle of the civil war that resulted in a Confederate victory . This is where south general Thomas J. Jackson earned his nickname "stonewall"

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In 1859 John Brown broke into a federal armory with slaves in attempt to start an armed slave revolt. He ultimately failed and was executed. This showed the south that the north was going to violently end their way of life.

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Debates between the two presidential candidates in 1858. The key issue among the debates was the expansion of slavery into the territories. Crucial to the civil war as it was a big component in ensuring Lincolns victory.

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Supreme court decision that ruled slaves were not citizens and could not sue the federal court in 1857. This displayed the immorality of slavery in the nation and pushed the north further to war

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A constitution drafted by the territory of Kansas in 1857. The constitution had amendments that allowed slavery and only male citizens to vote. The use of popular sovereignty to implement slavery created an imbalance in free and slave states and further divided the union

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James Buchanan, John C. Fremont, and Milard Filmore of the know nothing party were running. Buchanan won due to many saying a Republican win would cause a Civil War due to Fremont anti-slavery stance. However, Buchanan win created a higher divide from the north due to a democratic president win.

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March 30th, 1854 is when anti-slavery Whigs met in Midwestern states to form their own party. The founder was Abraham Lincoln. The splitting of the party further created a divide in the nation which led to the Civil War

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Party which ran for legislature in several states on the basis of preventing immigrants from gaining office and resented roman Catholics. They allied themselves along with the Whigs. Contributed to the war by blatantly showing their xenophobia in the time period

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Preston Brooks beats Senator Sumner with a cane after his speech about Kansas. This showed the divide of the north and south political leader as Brooks was a prominent abolition leader. This led to the civil war by showing the built up tension were turning into violence

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Violent confrontations from 1854-1861 over the decision of allowing slavery in Kansas. This was critical to the build up to the civil war because violence began being implemented to settle the dispute of the future of slavery.

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May 30, 1854 Act allowing the residents of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves if they allow slavery, part of Cass' ideas of sovereignty. This legislation greatly contributed to the war by allowing an imbalance created by citizens rather the the government deciding the future of slave states.

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Ran by Franklin Pierce, Winfield Scott, and John Hale. The election took place following the compromise of 1850 and further tried to litigate issue between the north and south. These measures were again ineffective and further divided the union.

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Author who based slavery of sociological and psychological perspectives. He argued that blacks needed to be protected by the white man in his 1854 book. This created more divide in the opinion towards slavery in the antebellum period

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Impending Crisis of the South by Hinton R. Helpers 

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Impending Crisis of the South by Hinton R. Helpers 

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Book published by Hinton Helpers in 1857 which said the inefficiency of slavery and how it hindered the success of whites. Helper called for the abolition of slavery in the south for a more prosperous economy. This led to the civil war by further demonizing the south in the eyes of the North and creating more tensions

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Uncle toms cabin was a novel published in 1852 by Harriet Stove. The impact of the book was that it had more northerners oppose slavery and gave an identity to slave owners and showed the immorality of it. This caused the civil war by truly attaching the horrors of slavery to the southern plantation owners

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A network of abolitionists that helped slaves escape to the north by setting up routes to the North. The network reached its height in the 1850s. Harriet Tubman was a prominent figure in it's success. This network of helping slaves escape further led to the civil war by angering southerners and making the north look as taking away their sources of income.

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The fugitive slave act was part of the 1850 compromise by Henry Clay. This tougher version of the law was pressured into fruition by southern politicians and allowed slave owners to search for run away's in free states. This led to nullification attempts by Virginia and more abolitionist activity, further dividing the north and south.

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Henry Clay proposed a series of bills to avoid a major crisis between the North and the South. Some events were the admission of California as a free state, the abolition of the slave trade in Washington D.C. Additionally Texas was given 10 Million dollars for lands lost to Mexico. The most significant proposal by Henry Clay was the fugitive slave law of 1850. Allowed agents to search for slaves in free states. This controversy led to states attempt to nullify the law and increased abolition efforts

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Lincoln won over Breckenridge in the election. This set in motiofor the Civil War and its ultimate outcome

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Lewis Cass' idea of Popular Sovereignty 

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Lewis Cass' idea of Popular Sovereignty 

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Cass was elected to the Michigan state legislature in 1845. In his 1846 Nicholson letter he proposed the idea of popular sovereignty, where the people have the final say in decisions rather than the government and was influenced by ideas of philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Cass idea allowed white male settlers in Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not they would allow slavery, this became a big political issue and politicians referred to this as "squatter sovereignty"

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The main purpose of this party was to oppose slavery from expanding into the west. The party was founded in New York and was made up of Barnburners (opposed expansion of slavery ) and other groups such as anti slavery Whigs and the Liberty Party. The Compromise of 1850 basically cut the soil party down a little and they were later on absorbed into the Republican Party. The parties legacy led the way for anti slavery Democrats to join the Republican party.

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The Missouri Compromise was a effort by congress to keep the balance of slave states and free states. The compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state but admitted Maine as a free state to keep the balance of slave and non slave states. The compromise also excluded slavery from territories north of the coordinates 36, 30 degrees. The whole issue that led to the compromise made the tensions between the south and the north worse and the division became even greater.