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A study of Cause & Consequence

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It threatened the aristocratic district of Westminster (the modern West End), Charles II's Palace of Whitehall, and most of the suburban slums. However, it did not reach these districts. It burned down 13,200 houses, 87 churches, Old St Paul's Cathedral, and most of the government buildings.

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It's the same story every year. You wake up groggy on a Sunday, and can't remember -- is it an hour ahead or behind in the Spring? What time does the clock wind back? And where's this daylight being saved, anyway? Plus, by the time your body adjusts, BAM! The clock changes again and you're discombobulated for a second time this year.

While daylight savings may throw you for a loop, the American time change is child's play compared to other time zone quirks around the world. Here are 12 oddities about time zones so strange, you couldn't even make them up.

Here's Our Travel Guide to This Nation of Over 7,000 Islands

Greenwich, of GMT fame, is actually GMT +01:00 in the Summer

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) was born at the world-famous Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London, established in 1675 by Charles II. According to the Observatory's website/the entire world, the site "is, by international decree, the official starting point for every new day, year and millennium".

And yet, because the United Kingdom observes daylight savings (DST), in the Summer the country turns its clocks forward by an hour for British Summer Time - so in the warmer months, the Brits are an hour ahead of themselves. Sort of.

Putin killed several Russian time zones

Though Russia spans a mammoth 11 time zones on a map, it only adheres to nine of the 11. On March 28, 2010, at 2 am, while much of Russia turned their clocks forward, Russians in the nation's Udmurt Republic, Samara Oblast, Kamchatka, and Chukotka regions neglected daylight savings at the government's behest.

Apparently, to streamline business relations with Moscow and unite with the rest of the country, Putin swiftly abolished the time zones overnight; subsequently, the Udmurt Republic and Samara Oblast switched from GMT +03:00 to GMT + 04:00, catching up with Moscow. Meanwhile, Kamchatka and Chukotka joined the time zone of Magadan Oblast, bringing themselves to GMT +11:00, eight hours ahead of the capital.

Unsurprisingly, this year, Crimea skipped ahead two hours at 2 am on March 30, syncing up with Moscow. In Putin's Russia, clocks change you.

India observes a single national time

Despite being gigantic, India insists on maintaining one national time zone (GMT +05:30) over the entire subcontinent. Because nobody would have read " Midnight +02:30's Children".

In the past, India's cities actually kept their own times, but the unified time zone was reportedly introduced during the colonial era to streamline the elaborate railway network, operating on what was called the Madras time zone. Still, that's like New York and Utah sharing a timezone, except with a bazillion more people in between.

Many countries don't bother saving daylight

It's not like you can bottle it up for a rainy day, so a number of countries around the world don't actually observe Daylight Saving Time. Among them are much of South America (including Argentina and Peru), Asia (Japan, China, Indonesia, and Thailand don't do DST), the Middle East (such as the United Arab Emirates), and most of Africa, with the exception of Namibia, Egypt (see below), Tunis, and Morocco. And while South Australia observes DST, Northern Territory, Queensland, and Western Australia do not.

More recently, on March 25, 2012, Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, in the South Caucasus on the Eastern European/Asian border, rejected DST in order to stay closer to Armenia (which has argued with Azerbaijan for the region, now partially under Armenian military control).

Good luck knowing where all that stuff is on a map -- or for that matter, keeping track of it while you travel.

Hawaii and Arizona burn daylight like there's no tomorrow

Hawaii doesn't adhere to DST, maintaining an easy-to-remember time zone of GMT -10:00 year-round. Strangely, in the Winter, Alaska is on the same time as Hawaii -- so, while their climates are world's apart, for half the year, both states observe HAST (Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time).

Try saying Hawaii-Aleutian three times fast.

Arizona (GMT -07:00) has also ignored DST since 1975, owing to the state's monumental heat; as ABC15 points out, if Arizona did observe DST, the sun would rise at 6:30 am instead of 5:30 am, and set at 9 pm instead of 8 pm, making for a much less productive workforce, according to a study conducted by Michigan State University.

A number of U.S. Territories -- such as the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Guam, and American Samoa -- also don't observe DST. But they're not stars on a flag, so no one really cares.

Iran and Afghanistan only half-care what you do

Several nations and territories recognize partial offsets from GMT, instead of the usual full hour -- making early people on time and late people even worse, or vice versa. Actually, late people are always awful.

Iran (GMT +03:30, and GMT +04:30 in Summer), Afghanistan (GMT +04:30), Sri Lanka (+05:30), and Newfoundland, Canada (GMT -03:30, and GMT -04:30 during the Summer) are all off by half hours from neighbors.

Places that recognize 15-minute offsets include Western Australia (which uses GMT +08:45), Nepal (GMT +12:45, switching to GMT +13:45 the Summer), and New Zealand's Chatham Island (GMT +05:45).

Lord Howe Island is on its own island

And then there's the anomaly of Lord Howe Island in Australia (pictured above, at sunset), which curiously puts its clocks back by just half an hour in the local Winter to GMT +10:30, only to skip ahead to GMT +11:00 in the Summer. Good luck figuring out how that works.

Awkwardly, the island is half an hour ahead of Australian Eastern Standard Time. Though the atoll's time zone was officially standardized by the Standard Time Act 1987, and before that, by an earlier version of the same act in 1971, Lord Howe Island has been anecdotally adhering to its odd time-keeping since way back in 1904 (without concrete evidence, however).

Dec. 30, 2011 didn't exist in Samoa

Samoans time-traveled at the close of 2011, when the nation decided to skip an entire day. The country officially moved time zones to miss out on Friday, Dec. 30 altogether, jumping swiftly from Thursday to the weekend, and into the adjacent westward time zone. Sounds like a dream come true for those suffering the aftermath of a Thirsty Thursday.

The Samoan government instituted the change in a bid to separate the nation from its trading past with the US, and to improve its working relationships with closer countries like Australia, China, and Singapore -- all on the same time of GMT -11:00.

American Samoa, on the flip side, didn't make the change, instead opting to remain one of the few territories in Oceania on the same time as the US.

The International Space Station uses GMT

Space might feel light years away, but really it's only five hours ahead of New York. In the Winter, residents of the UK, on GMT, are actually on the same time as those selfie-taking astronauts at the ISS, who are midway between the time in Houston and Moscow.

Spain is in the "wrong" time zone

Most of mainland Spain is either on the same longitude as or further west than the UK. And yet, Spain is an hour ahead, time-wise.

That's just stupid.

As NPR points out, Spain has effectively been in the wrong time zone since General Franco decided to align with Hitler. And now, 70 years later, Spaniards sleep 53 minutes less than other Europeans, work longer hours, and are less productive.

That worked out for everybody.

Egypt had four time changes in 2014

After DST was abolished in Egypt in 2011, it was recently reinstated "as a way to help reduce energy consumption", thanks to the country's energy crisis and subsequent blackouts in the capital, Cairo. Clocks jumped forward an hour on May 15, but returned to their original time for the Muslim holiday of Ramadan, at the end of June.

The time allegedly went forward once more at the end of Ramadan, but went back at Summer's end.

Presumably, no one scheduled doctor's appointments in Egypt last summer.

In 2015, the islands of Turks and Caicos switched time zones to capitalize on sunshine. When the clocks skipped ahead an hour for Daylight Savings, the Caribbean island moved from Eastern Standard Time, which British Overseas Territories traditionally observed, to Atlantic Standard Time. Basically, they abandoned the British to enjoy even MORE time in the sun (as if they don't have enough already!) and later sunsets. Sounds like a worthwhile trade.

Chloe Pantazi is an editorial assistant on Thrillist's travel team. A Brit living in NYC, she's convinced that her body clock is still on London time. Follow her ahead of you on Twitter (GMT +1:00) at @ChloePantazi.
This article was originally published on 5/28/14 and has been updated.

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12 Insane Facts You Didn't Know About Time Zones

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It's the same story every year. You wake up groggy on a Sunday, and can't remember -- is it an hour ahead or behind in the Spring? What time does the clock wind back? And where's this daylight being saved, anyway? Plus, by the time your body adjusts, BAM!

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Most people think that time zones are just stripes of land spreading from the North Pole to the South Pole at regular intervals, but the reality is much more complicated. Time zones usually follow political and historical borders rather than geographical ones, which often leads to shapes and conventions that look completely absurd.

To understand the examples below, note that time zones are defined relative to the UTC (Coordinated Universal Time), which, roughly speaking, corresponds to time measured in London, UK (if we ignore Daylight Saving Time). By the way, the abbreviation UTC is yet another historical oddity: English speakers wanted the abbreviation to be CUT, whereas French speakers wanted TUC ("temps universel coordonné"). UTC emerged as a compromise between the two-so it, in fact, does not stand for anything.

For example, Los Angeles is in the UTC−8:00 time zone (often abbreviated as UTC-8), which means that the time there is the time in London minus 8 hours (the "-8:00" part is called the "offset"). Similarly, Tokyo is in the UTC+9:00 (or UTC+9) time zone, so the time there is the time in London plus 9 hours (ignoring Daylight Saving Time).

Without further ado, let's take a look at the strangest facts about time zones:

5. Some countries use half-hour and quarter-hour offsets

People usually think that time zones are determined by whole numbers. While this is true for most time zones, countries in Southern Asia commonly use time zones with an offset that is a multiple of 30 minutes. Most notably, the whole of India lies in the time zone UTC+5:30, as a result of which every fifth person in the world lives in a time zone with a fractional offset:

If you look carefully, you will notice that Nepal lies in an even weirder time zone: UTC+5:45. If you cross the border from India to Nepal, you will have to set the time on your watch 15 minutes forward, and if you move just 150 km (93 mi) further north and cross the Chinese border, the time suddenly jumps 2 hours and 15 minutes forward.

However, not just Asian countries use fractional offsets. One third of Australia does the same-the Northern Territory and South Australia use UTC+9:30, and the Howe Island has UTC+10:30:

Oddly enough, South Australia observes Daylight Saving Time, whereas the Northern Territory does not, so from October until April, these territories use different fractional offsets. There are a few other regions using a fractional offset, such as Newfoundland in Canada (UTC-3:30).

4. China has only one huge time zone

China is a huge country, spanning about 5000 km (3100 mi) from east to west, which is more than the continental United States (excluding Alaska). As you can see from the map below, the neighbouring countries of China (most notably Russia) manage to squeeze 7 different time zones (from UTC+5 to UTC+11) into the same geographical span, while China officially uses just one.

This, of course, causes a few problems. In some parts of China, people have to wait until midnight before it gets dark, and the sun does not rise until 10 AM in the winter.

Furthermore, in Xinjiang, a large autonomous region in the west of China, about half of the population uses the official Beijing standard time, while the other half uses the local UTC+6 standard. As you can imagine, this is a common source of confusion, especially among tourists.

3. Travelling between "neighbouring" time zones sometimes means adding or subtracting more than just an hour

This one should be rather clear from the example above, as going from China to almost anywhere will force you to adjust the time on your watch by more than an hour, but at least it makes sense for everyone in one country to use the same time standard. However, such leaps sometimes happen for no apparent reason, as in the following example in Africa:

The UTC+2 time zone is "broken". When you cross the border from Chad to Sudan or from the Central African Republic to South Sudan, be prepared to add 2 hours to your clock. Of course, there are political and historical reasons for this inconsistency, but it would be more logical for Sudan and South Sudan to be in the UTC+2 time zone rather than UTC+3.

2. UTC+12 and UTC-12 are the same time zone... with a different date

If you travel 180 degrees of longitude from London in either of the two possible directions, you will end up in the same spot on the other side of the globe. This means that the UTC+12 and UTC-12 time zones should theoretically cover the same area... but they are 24 hours apart. This is why this time zone is split into two "sub-zones" of equal width (fully applying only in international waters), one being 12 hours ahead of London and the other being 12 hours behind.

There are only two pieces of land in the world in the UTC-12 time zone: Baker Island and Howland Island in the Pacific Ocean (both being territories of the United States). They are uninhabited, and technically their time zone is left unspecified, but they belong to the UTC-12 nautical time zone.

If you left the Gilbert Islands (UTC+12, see the map above) on a boat and arrived at Baker Island or Howland Island, your watch would still be showing the correct time, but if it has a date display, the date would be one day off. However, this is, surprisingly, not the only case where this happens, because:

1. There are time zones beyond UTC+12

This is probably the strangest thing about time zones. A few islands in the Pacific Ocean use the UTC+13 time zone (Tonga, Samoa, Tokelau) and even the UTC+14 time zone (the Line Islands, most notably Kiritimati) instead of the usual UTC-11 and UTC-10:

This means that the time on the Line Islands is 1 day and 2 hours (26 hours) ahead of Baker Island (UTC-12, mentioned above) and 25 hours ahead of nearby Jarvis Island. To imagine what that means, take the following example:

If you celebrated New Year's Eve on Kiritimati, went to bed, woke up, enjoyed your New Year's Day, went to bed again, woke up a few minutes after midnight on the 2 nd of January, and took a plane to Jarvis Island, you would arrive just in time to celebrate New Year's Eve.

Nevertheless, you are unlikely to be able to pull this bizarre stunt, since Jarvis Island has the status of a national wildlife refuge, and you'd need a special permit to visit it, which is typically only granted to researchers. If you don't get a permit, you could try to fly to American Samoa (which is also in UTC-11), but good luck catching a plane that can make 2400 km (1490 mi) in under an hour...

If all you want is a way to get drunk two days in a row without looking like an alcoholic, you could celebrate New Year's Eve on Kiritimati, fly to Hawaii the next day, and celebrate New Year's Eve again at the same time as the day before (Hawaii is 24 hours behind Kiritimati, even though they are located at exactly the same longitude). An even cheaper option would be to take a ferry from Samoa (UTC+13) to American Samoa (UTC-11), which are only 70 km (43 mi) apart.

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5 weird things you didn't know about time zones

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Most people think that time zones are just stripes of land spreading from the North Pole to the South Pole at regular intervals, but the reality is much more complicated. Time zones usually follow political and historical borders rather than geographical ones, which often leads to shapes and conventions that look completely absurd.

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Time zones give specific areas on the earth a time of day that is earlier or later than the neighboring time zones. This is because when it is day-time on one side of the earth, it is night-time on the other side.

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Time Zones Quiz - FREE Interactive Quiz General Knowledge Questions -

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Enjoy this Easy Science for Kids Time Zones Quiz - you'll get your quiz score after completing this FREE online interactive quiz on Time Zones. You need to answer all the questions to be able to get your score. You can do this fun quiz about Time Zones again, till you get the perfect score and become a quiz champion!

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Daylight Saving Time 101 | National Geographic

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This online quiz is called Longitude and Latitude. It was created by member lworkman and has 13 questions.

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World: Continents and Oceans - Map Quiz Game - Seterra

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There are seven continents and five oceans on the planet. In terms of land area, Asia is by far the largest continent, and the Oceania region is the smallest. The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world, and it is nearly two times larger than the second largest.

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Easier version, only 30 of the 47

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Learn all the countries of Europe by playing this fun geography game! Just click the map to answer the questions.

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Easier version, only 30 of the

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Athens, London, Berlin... Learn all the capitals of Europe by playing this fun geography game! Just click the map to answer the questions.

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You can probably guess the capitals of France and Italy, but how well would you do if you had to come up with capitals of Slovakia or Macedonia? Geography facts such as those can be the difference in how your next geography quiz on Europe goes. By playing this map quiz game now, you will find out just how ready you are.

Seterra is an entertaining and educational geography game that lets you explore the world and learn about its countries, capitals, flags, oceans, lakes and more! You can access the Seterra online quiz site using your computer, phone, or tablet running the latest version of most web browsers, including Safari, Firefox, Chrome, and Internet Explorer.

There's also a Seterra app that runs on iOS and Android phones and tablets! The Seterra app offers two game modes, plus high score lists to keep track of your progress. Also, with the app, you can play offline!

Keywords: Geography games, quiz game, blank maps, geogames, educational games, outline map, exercise, classroom activity, teaching ideas, classroom games, middle school, interactive world map for kids, geography quizzes for adults, sporcle, human geography, social studies, memorize, memorization, remote learning, homeschooling, edtech, K12

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You can probably guess the capitals of France and Italy, but how well would you do if you had to come up with capitals of Slovakia or Macedonia? Geography facts such as those can be the difference in how your next geography quiz on Europe goes.

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Europe: Countries - Map Quiz Game - Seterra

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Do you have an upcoming geography quiz on Europe but can't tell Austria apart from Hungary on a map? This Europe map quiz game has got you covered. From Iceland to Greece and everything in between, this geography study aid will get you up to speed in no time, while also being fun.If you want to practice offline, download our printable maps of Europe in pdf format.

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Latitude and Longitude - interactive skill builder

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Animated diagram of the layers of the earth for teachers and students.

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For a long time, map-makers have struggled with one central problem. are flat (2D), but the world is (3D). How could their maps ever be accurate? They lose a whole dimension! Well, in reality, no map is accurate. Each one distorts the somehow, because of how they're made. The process of making maps projection. We project Earth's surface onto a 2D map.

Map Projections

Every world map you've ever seen is inaccurate (unless it was a globe). And I don't mean imperfect. Maps have some pretty serious flaws! Each one distorts the world considerably . take a look at the map above. The southernmost continent, Antarctica, looks enormous. In reality, South America is a lot bigger. The map is distorted around the north and south poles.

And why is it distorted like this? Well, because we're flattening a 3D surface into a 2D one. This inevitably distorts some of the shapes. Think about what would happen if you did that with, say, a soccer ball. Even if you cut it open and re-assembled the pieces, you could not make an accurate rectangular map. You can actually try this with something less valuable, like an orange. Although, you'll get the same result.

In fact, map projections are only useful where they do not distort the Earth. Each one distorts different demonstrate , making them useful in unique ways. We'll look at a few of them next to this point.

Map Projection Types

Cylindrical Projections

Cylindrical map projections are the most used map projections. Their name comes from how they're , we put the Earth in a cylinder and then blow it up (like a balloon). Once it fills the cylinder, it leaves its features as an imprint on the cylinder's inner surface. Finally, we unroll this cylinder to make a 2D map. . It's kind of a strange process which we use a computer to do.

This might seem like a strange way to make a map. But, it actually makes sense. As we expand the Earth to fit our cylinder, it is inevitably distorted. Yet where is it least distorted? Near and around the center. Serious distortion doesn't begin until we go far Fortunately , the majority of people live closer to the equator than the poles. .

Conic Projections

, this map projection is actually more accurate than the cylindrical projection. It distorts the Earth less . , its distortions are more problematic. There's almost no difference near the north pole, but the south is super stretched out. This is an issue because more people live south of the Equator than at the poles. Remember, cylindrical projections distort the poles. As a result, they're still more convenient than conic projections.

Interrupted Projection

One last type of projection we'll talk about is the interrupted projection. Interrupted projections are interesting in that they distort the Earth's . But to do this, they have to cut out some of the

An advantage of this map is that it allows us to see how big the continents are. Africa is huge, and Australia much smaller. A disadvantage is that it is not useful for traveling. We still have to navigate over the blank areas!

What is the Mercator Projection?

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The Mercator and Other Projections - Intro to Geography - Geography for Kids

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For a long time, map-makers have struggled with one central problem. are flat (2D), but the world is (3D). How could their maps ever be accurate? They lose a whole dimension! Well, in reality, no map is accurate. Each one distorts the somehow, because of how they're made.

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The seasons have nothing to do with how far the Earth is from the Sun. If this were the case, it would be hotter in the northern hemisphere during January as opposed to July. Instead, the seasons are caused by the Earth being tilted on its axis by an average of 23.5 degrees (Earth's tilt on its axis actually varies from near 22 degrees to 24.5 degrees). Here's how it works:

The Earth has an elliptical orbit around our Sun. This being said, the Earth is at its closest point distance wise to the Sun in January (called the Perihelion) and the furthest in July (the Aphelion). But this distance change is not great enough to cause any substantial difference in our climate. This is why the Earth's 23.5 degree tilt is all important in changing our seasons. Near June 21st, the summer solstice, the Earth is tilted such that the Sun is positioned directly over the Tropic of Cancer at 23.5 degrees north latitude. This situates the northern hemisphere in a more direct path of the Sun's energy. What this means is less sunlight gets scattered before reaching the ground because it has less distance to travel through the atmosphere. In addition, the high sun angle produces long days. The opposite is true in the southern hemisphere, where the low sun angle produces short days. Furthermore, a large amount of the Sun's energy is scattered before reaching the ground because the energy has to travel through more of the atmosphere. Therefore near June 21st, the southern hemisphere is having its winter solstice because it "leans" away from the Sun.

Advancing 90 days, the Earth is at the autumnal equinox on or about September 21st. As the Earth revolves around the Sun, it gets positioned such that the Sun is directly over the equator. Basically, the Sun's energy is in balance between the northern and southern hemispheres. The same holds true on the spring equinox near March 21st, as the Sun is once again directly over the equator.

Lastly, on the winter solstice near December 21st, the Sun is positioned directly over the Tropic of Capricorn at 23.5 degrees south latitude. The southern hemisphere is therefore receiving the direct sunlight, with little scattering of the sun's rays and a high sun angle producing long days. The northern hemisphere is tipped away from the Sun, producing short days and a low sun angle.

What kind of effect does the earth's tilt and subsequent seasons have on our length of daylight (defined as sunrise to sunset). Over the equator, the answer is not much. If you live on or very close to the equator, your daylight would be basically within a few minutes of 12 hours the year around. Using the northern hemisphere as a reference, the daylight would lengthen/shorten during the summer/winter moving northward from the equator. The daylight difference is subtle in the tropics, but becomes extremely large in the northern latitudes. Where we live in the mid latitudes, daylight ranges from about 15 hours around the summer solstice to near nine hours close to the winter solstice. Moving to the arctic circle at 66.5 degrees north latitude, the Sun never sets from early June to early July. But around the winter solstice, the daylight only lasts slightly more than two hours. There becomes a profound difference in the length of daylight heading north of the arctic circle. Barrow, Alaska at slightly more than 71 degrees north latitude, lies just less than 300 nautical miles north of the arctic circle. Barrow sees two months of total darkness, as the Sun never rises for about a month on each side of the winter solstice. On the other hand, Barrow also has total light from mid May to early August. And what about the north pole, or 90 degrees north latitude? The Sun rises in the early evening near the spring equinox and never sets again until just after the autumnal equinox, or six months of light. Conversely, after the Sun sets in the mid morning just after the autumnal equinox, it will not be seen again until the following spring equinox, equating to six months of darkness.

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The seasons have nothing to do with how far the Earth is from the Sun. If this were the case, it would be hotter in the northern hemisphere during January as opposed to July.

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Earth's Rotation & Revolution: Crash Course Kids 8.1

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Reasons for the seasons - Rebecca Kaplan

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The many lifeforms living on the Earth are in large part dependent on heat and light from the Sun. By converting hydrogen into helium, the Sun generates an enormous amount of energy every second of every day. Although there are small variations in the intensity of this energy, for the most part, the heat and light generated by our parent star are of the same strength.

If the energy reaching the Earth each and every day is of the same intensity and strength, what causes the seasons that so many parts of our planet experience? Why are some parts of the year warm, some hot, and others very cold? If the Sun is continuously producing a constant, unchanging amount of heat, shouldn't the seasons always be the same?

The changing seasons are caused by the movements of the Earth. There are two important movements that affect the Earth. The first is the rotation of the Earth around an invisible axis. It takes the Earth about 24 hours to finish one complete rotation. The second important movement that affects the Earth is its revolution around the Sun. One revolution takes 365 ¼ days, or one year. Acting together, these two movements create variations in temperature, weather, and in the seasons.

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The Earth's Movements - Geography for Kids

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The many lifeforms living on the Earth are in large part dependent on heat and light from the Sun. By converting hydrogen into helium, the Sun generates an enormous amount of energy every second of every day. Although there are small variations in the intensity of this energy, for the most part, the heat ...

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To understand the projections, it is easier to imagine a light source, a globe, and another geometric object. The light source shines "a shadow" of each point of the globe onto the geometric object. At the end the surface of the geometric object is unrolled, this yields the map.

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Worldmapper | rediscover the world as you’ve never seen it before

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Mapping our place in the world: The atlas for the 21st century. Worldmapper is a collection of world maps where countries are resized according to a broad range of global issues. Our cartograms are unique visualisations that show the world as you’ve never seen it before. Explore them all!