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IDENTIFY THE ETHICAL ISSUES THE STUDY HAS BREACHED:
ethical issue is that, the experiment was conducted without the knowledge or consent of Albert's parents creating a fear response is an examples of psychological harm and finally Watson and Raynor did not desensitized Albert of his fear of rat.

DESCRIBE THE ETHICAL ISSUE:
Little Albert was harmed during this experiment, he left the experiment with a previously non-existent fear. By today's standard the little Albert experiment will not be allowed.

EXPLAIN WHY THE STUDY HAS BREACHED THE ETHICAL ISSUES
The experiment was repeated several times. After conditioning, the rat alone, induced her within the child, who would cry, crawl away from the rat. Because when he was 9 month old, Abert was introduced to a white rat, rabbit and monkey (before conditioning). he showed no fear of this animal, this animal might be a neutral stimuli because they did not response in the child. at 11 months, Albert shown a white rat, how ever, a few hammer was struck against a steel bar which startled Albert( during conditioning)

EVALUATION OF LITTLE ALBERT:
The experiment demonstrates that classical conditioning the association of a particular   stimulus or behaviour with unrelated stimulus or behaviour, works in human beings. In this experiment a previously unafraid baby was made to become afraid of rat.could be conditioned to fear a stimulus that the child was not previously afraid of, which is also known as a neutral stimulus.

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Ethical issues
- Dishonesty/ deception-  The participants were led to believe they were participating in a study that was separate to the actual study.  They did a draw with an accomplice where they were led to believe one of them would be the "teacher" who will ask questions and one of them the learner who will receive the shock each time they get it wrong.

Protection from Harm- The participants were subjected to extreme psychological stress at the end of the study. They were very agitated during and had multiple times refused to deliver shock anymore than what they have done.

Extreme pressure and right to withdraw- They were forced to continue even after they have expressed distress and being concerned about the person receiving shocks. They have explicitly said they would not continue. The researcher was interfering with their right to withdraw by saying there is no choice to withdraw.

Confidentiality-  The participants are on a video with a study that they did not know they were participating about. Which we can still view today.

Evaluation- This experiment was to test ordinary peoples obedience and to prove that people are capable of harm on others when are instructed to by an authority figure. The impact of this experiment of the participants showed that the situation they were put in influenced them to have reacted and behaved that way as they. Some aspects of the situation that may have influenced their behavior include the formality of the location, the behavior of the experimenter, and the fact that it was an experiment for which they had volunteered and been paid.Ordinary people are likely to follow orders given by an authority figure, even to the extent of killing an innocent human being.  Obedience to authority is ingrained in us all from the way we are brought up. Some of the obvious advantages include the fact that it's got excellent reliability, given the similar results gained on the two repeats.

Fatou, Jen, Maisa, Janine

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The ethical issues in this experiment are predominately Respect, Protection from Harm and Deception. Respect is when the psychologists avoid unfair/prejudiced practices on participants. This was breached in this experiment as half the participants were treated inhumanely, physical abused - whilst the other half of the participants were given status and treated fairly. Protection from Harm is the investigator protects the participants from both mental and physical harm. This was breached as the participants that represented the prisoners were continuously taunted, called names and also made to do hard physical tasks eg: standing on their backs whilst made to do push ups.
Deception- You could say that the volunteers were deceived as they were not fully aware of the extent of unethical issues they were about to experience.
Evaluation- This experiment impacted wider society by showing that it was the environment in which the students were placed and the role they were given. For instance, of a prison guards as they had the authority to control the actions of the prisoners that result in the negative change in behaviour rather than a reflection of their true personality. It showcased how normal people can abuse their power when placed in a position of authority. None of the participants suffered any long term impacts from the experiment and although this breached ethical guidelines it provided a good in sight and understanding on how males react when in a prison.

Written by Ellie, Jennifer, Georgia, Chelsea :)

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Some of the ethical issues in Hofling's study include, Deception, protection from harm, respect and lack of informed consent. Deception was present in this experiment as participants were not informed about the case study and where lied to about wether the doctors where qualified. On top of this, they were not notified that the medicine was a placebo for the experiment. Protection from harm was broken as participants where left upset and distressed due to false information that the drug they administered could have a fatal affect. This also led to participants feeling very guilty about there actions towards the patients even though the drug administered wasn't real. Respect wasn't shown as nurses where instructed by a higher authority and not given the freedom to choose what they should give or wether it should be given at all. This is because at the time of thew study women were seen as inferior to men so their opinion was not taken into consideration. Lack of informed consent was present as the nurses where not notified about the case study and didn't sign a consent form to show they were willing to take part. Although there are a lot of ethical issues surrounding this study it can be seen as some what beneficial as it has high levels of ecological validity, as it was conducted in a real life environment and nurses where not aware of the experiment so behaved as they would in everyday situations. It is also highly reliable due to the study being repeatable with similar results. The study also shows how the social pressure brought about by the imbalance of power could lead to a nurse actually putting a patient at risk, rather than disobeying orders.

Cameron, Diana and Fatima

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The ethical issues in the Tuskegee experiment are Informed Consent, Racism, Unfair Treatment, Deception. One of the Ethical issues is Racism, this is an ethical issue because in the Tuskegee experiment the researcher reached out to only black people, which makes the outcome of the experiment unfair and culturally biased. The participants did not have informed consent, they were not aware of the true experiment and they were informed. Deception is another ethical issue  as they were told they were being tested for "bad blood", instead they were being tested for a STI called syphillis, they were promised free healthcare, hot food and burial insurance. Unfair treatment occured because the patients were left without any treatment or antibiotics for the STI, which caused many of the participants' to die.  The participants' did not have the right to withdraw, they were not given the right to withdraw or explained to the participants that they have a right of withdrawal.  Another ethical issue is respect during this experiment there was a lack of respect towards black people, they  were left untreated, which cause them not to have protection from harm and effected the participant's physically and psychologically. The impact of the Tuskegee experiment on participant was that it caused them physical, emotional and psychological trauma, it caused an impact on society because it caused black people to not want to take part in experiments as they felt unsafe, which therefore made it difficult for psychologist to create fair experiments and made non-diverse studies,  gave Psychologists a bad image, black people felt like they could not trust the healthcare sector so many of them stop attending doctor's appointment in fear of mistreatment. This study had a socio-political impact as it has affected black people's views of the healthcare sector and because of that many black people have untreated conditions and generated interferes with attempts to combat AIDS in the black community. The experiment had a socio-political impact because it helped put in place different policies and procedures that now need to be followed during any type of experiment, the law in place is the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioural Research 1974.

-Lilly, Becky and Kelly :)

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To make the experiment more ethical i would have given participants the choice to make an informed decision,by giving  true facts about the STI/ experiment and what we aim to achieve. I would make all participants aware that they have the right to withdraw from  the experiment at any point I would have a signed consent form for legal reason, for example in this case when a cure had been found the participants were not offered treatment as they were still part of the experiment. Rewards could still be an option as an incentive  to take part in the experiment as long as everyone involved is fully aware of the harm the  experiment could lead to. To avoid bias/ racism i would open the experiment to a wider range of people for example these people could be of same age and weight ect but not of one selective ethnic minority. I would strongly encourage Britsh values(everyones values) ensuring that every aspect of the experiment is handled with care, honesty compassion & respect.

Kelly, Becky & Lilly