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Compared the accuracy and reliability of GenBank and BOLD and found that GenBank outperformed Bold for species level identification for invertebrates, they had similar performance for plants.
GenBank did not underperform.

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Potential ability to create more accurate estimates of extant species numbers- previously not possible due to the manpower needed to find and identify species.

offers the most flexible tool for recreating biodiversity patterns in time and space

cryptic species- previously been ignored or under represented due to costs associated with identification- metabarcoding can redress these taxonomic biases in conservation

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eDNA was sensitive enough to detect a biogeographic break in marine fish species in Australia.
eDNA- high level of sensitivity thta can discern both fine scale and regional biogeographic patterns

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The use of DNA barcoding as a tool for

the conservation biogeography of

subtropical forests in China

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metabarcoding used to quantify amount of intraspecific variation in a population- useful tool for conservation because it can control ability of a population to adapt to new conditions i.e under climate change
- species with low intraspecific variation could be targeted for more intense conservation/possible translocation to more suitable habitats

Also can be used to identify stressors in freshwater communities- implications for conservation.
Used intraspecific variability against levels of known stress
Sites with good and stable ecological conditions showed higher intraspecific diversity than stressed sites, which is also coupled with higher OTU diversity. However, due to a low OTU overlap between river systems, genetic diversity analyses were based only on subsets, including all shared OTUs. This subsampling induced the exclusion of variability and ecological specialists, especially at highly diverse sample sites and might have skewed actual differences. Due to these limitations in the underlying data, we cannot disentangle effects of stressors from e.g. population and colonisation and dynamics

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The role of reference libraries and their gaps including recommendations for future work. Found DNA barcode representation of 28,000 aquatic species but found large gaps for diatoms and invertebrates. Need monitoring across more than one country for a species in invertebrate groups. Suggests strategies that should be used to maintain barcode quality of reference libraries. Suggest quality assurance via the process of barcoding and quality control via the cross validation of taxonomic assignments

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Determination of sex ratios of a population through eDNA

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Metabarcoding was deemed to be a reliable source of biodiversity monitoring information which can be used by policy makers

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Used DNA barcoding as a tool for conservation of subtropical Chinese forests. Constructed a barcoding database for 531 tree species to then document the diversity. Barcoding provides an accurate tool for use in biodiversity assessments which then need to be used to enforce conservation

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Should focus on using Metabarcoding as a tool for population genetics

Need to find suitable primers for large groups of taxa - agree universally on which primers/ areas to sample e.g. in plants

Potential for use biogeographically in terms of identifying lineages with genetic variation - could potentially predict which lineages are likely to speciate.

Could quantify effect of environment on genetics/phylogeny by studying species ecotypes.

There should be standardisation of metabarcoding databases so they can be accessed in the same ways, or creation of a global database, so all data can be pooled.
- Databases should be monitored by a group of experts to ensure DNA is correctly matched to taxa.

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How can and should these methods/tools be used most effectively in biodiversity conservation and biogeographical research? What should future research efforts or collaborations focus on? (research/science)

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Development of a DNA mini-barcoding protocol targeting COI for the identification of elasmobranch species in shark cartilage pills

points:
-increased identification of sharks from 36 to 81%
-methodology designed to facilitate conservation

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The Barcoding Table of Animal Species (BaTAnS): a new tool to select appropriate methods for animal species identification using DNA barcoding

-new method of data collection/template?

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The role of DNA barcoding to effectively undertake biodiversity assessment and conservation of the Earth’s oceans. The identification of cryptic species (species that are morphologically similar but genetically distinct). Faster, higher throughput technique to aid the assessment of global marine biodiversity

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Using eDNA/ metabarcoding as a tool for population genetics - informs conservation management, and is beneficial to both organism and researcher in terms of cutting out risk associated with collecting genetic material

eDNA improves biodiversity estimates due to its high sensitivity- advantages over traditional sampling methods