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A full-frame digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR) is one with an image sensor format that is the same size as 35 mm format (36 mm × 24 mm) film.

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Advanced Photo System type-C (APS-C) is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C("Classic") format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2.

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Crop factor is a term that describes the difference between your camera's sensor size and a traditional 35mm film frame.

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a prime lens is a fixed focal length photographic lens (as opposed to a zoom lens), typically with a maximum aperture from f2.8 to f1.2. The term can also mean the primary lens in a combination lens system.

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a lens allowing a camera to change smoothly from a long shot to a close-up or vice versa by varying the focal length.

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Workspace overview. You create and manipulate your documents and files using various elements, such as panels, bars, and windows. ... On the Mac for certain products, you can show or hide it using the Window menu. The Tools panel contains tools for creating and editing images, artwork, page elements, and so on.

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The Toolbar (also known as the Toolbox or the Tools panel) is where Photoshop holds the many tools we have to work with. There are tools for making selections, for cropping an image, for editing and retouching, and many more.

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Palettes [shown right] are groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image.Photoshop contains over two dozen palettes that can be shown or hidden by using the Window menu and selecting the palette you wish to reveal.

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A menu bar is a user interface element that contains selectable commands and options for a specific program. In Windows, menu bars are typically located at the top of open windows. In OS X, the menu bar is always fixed at the top of the screen, and changes depending on what program is currently active.

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The Options Bar is the horizontal bar that runs underneath the Menu Bar inPhotoshop. You can turn it on and off through the Windows menu, so if you don't see it on your screen, you definitely want to turn it on with Window > Options. The job of the Options Bar is to set the options of the tool you are about to use.

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In graphics and imaging, color saturation is used to describe the intensity of color in the image. Asaturated image has overly bright colors. Using a graphics editing programyou can increase saturationon under-exposed images, or vise versa.

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In photography and image processing, color balanceis the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors(typically red, green, and blue primary colors).

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the zoom tool allows you to zoom in on the image to get a better idea of the actual pixel makeup of a section you are working on. It is fairly easy to use thetool.

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The move tool allows you to movea selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys. The move tool is located at the top right of the Photoshop Toolbox. When the move tool is selected, click and drag anywhere in the image.

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Hand tool helps you to move around in an image document quickly and works similarly to a scroll bar, enabling you to do your work more quickly. The Hand tool is more of a function than an actual tool because you rarely need to click the Hand tool to use it.

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The Pixel Aspect Ratio is simply a fancy way of saying what the length of one side of a pixel is in relation to the length of the other. If the ratio is 1:1 it means that each side of the pixel is the same length as the other, in other words the pixel is a square.

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Cropping is the process of removing portions of a photo to create focus or strengthen the composition. Use the Crop tool to crop and straighten photos inPhotoshop. The Crop tool is non-destructive, and you can choose to retain the cropped pixels to optimize the crop boundaries later.

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The paint bucket tool fills an area of an image based on color similarity. ... A low tolerance means only very similar colors will be affected, a high tolerance means more pixels will be affected. The range is 0 (exact color matches only) to 255 (all colors).

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the brush tool is an element of the paintingtool that allows you to select a brush shape (square, circle, oval and so on) and also the the thickness in pixels you want to paint on your image with. As you move your cursor over the image it leaves a stroke of color.

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The Lasso tool is useful for drawing freeform segments of a selection border. Select the Lasso tool , and set feathering and anti-aliasing in the options bar. (See Soften the edges of selections.) To add to, subtract from, or intersect with an existing selection, click the corresponding button in the options bar.

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Unlike other selection tools that select pixels in an image based on shapes or by detecting object edges, the Magic Wand selects pixels based on tone and color.

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Similar to the lasso tool, except that instead of holding your mouse button down to draw, left-click on various points to create a selectionwith a series of straight edges. You can also hold down the Alt key (Windows) or Option key (Mac OS) to draw freehand sections.

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You can use the Quick Selection tool to quickly“paint” a selection using an adjustable round brush tip. As you drag, the selection expands outward and automatically finds and follows defined edges in the image. Select the Quick Selection tool . (If the toolisn't visible, hold down the Magic Wand tool .)

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The Marquee tool is the most basic of selection tools and often the one most useful. This tool is used to draw selections based on geometric shapes. Specifically, the marquee tool allows you to draw rectangular and elliptical selections. To form the selection, simply click and drag the mouse.

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The spot healing brush is the default healing tool inPhotoshop and can be used to clone areas from an image and blend the pixels from the sampled area seamlessly with the target area. The basic principle is that the texture from the sample area is blended with the color and luminosity surrounding wherever you paint.

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The Crop Tool cuts out a defined area deleting or hiding the rest of an image: In the Toolbox, select the Crop Tool, click on the image and draw a rectangle holding mouse's button pressed. When you release the button a bounding box appears. You can move, resize and rotate it.

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healing tool inPhotoshop and can be used to clone areas from an image and blend the pixels from the sampled area seamlessly with the target area. The basic principle is that the texture from the sample area is blended with the color and luminosity surrounding wherever you paint.

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When the patch tool is selected, it initially operates in a lasso selection mode that can be used to define the area to patchfrom or patch to. For example, you can hold down the Option/Alt key to temporarily convert the patch tool to become a polygonal lasso tool with which to draw straight line selection edges.

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Photoshop's clone stamp toolallows you to duplicate part of an image. The process involves setting a sampling point in the image which will be used as a reference to create a new cloned area. Select the Clone Stamp tool , then check the settings in the options bar.

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The move tool allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys. The move tool is located at the top right of the Photoshop Toolbox. When the move tool is selected, click and drag anywhere in the image.

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The Dodge tool lighten or darken areas of the image. These tools are based on a traditional darkroom technique for regulating exposure on specific areas of a print. Photographers hold back light to lighten an area on the print (dodging) or increase the exposure to darken areas on a print (burning).

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Burn tool lighten or darken areas of the image. These tools are based on a traditional darkroom technique for regulating exposure on specific areas of a print. Photographers hold back light to lighten an area on the print (dodging) or increase the exposure to darken areas on a print (burning).

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The Sponge Tool saturates / desaturates image areas: In the Toolbox, select the Sponge Tool. Choose brush size and style*. Select mode (what do you want - saturate or desaturate). Set the tool's Flow (tool's strength).

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The Blur Tool is used to paint a blur effect. Each stroke made using the Blur Toolwill lower the contrast between affected pixels, making them appear blurred. ... A soft blur brush will alter pixels at varying strengths, stronger in the center turning weaker towards the edges.

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Sharpening enhances the definition of edges in an image. Whether your images come from a digital camera or a scanner, most images can benefit from sharpening. ... Sharpen your image multiple times in small amounts. Sharpen the first time to correct blur captured by a scanner or digital camera.

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In photography, painting, and other visual arts, middle gray or middle grey is a tone that is perceptually about halfway between black and white on a lightness scale; inphotography, and printing, it is typically defined as 18% reflectance in visible light. ... Therefore, the camera light meter assumes an 18% gray level.

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In photography, the metering mode refers to the way in which a camera determines exposure. Cameras generally allow the user to select between spot, center-weighted average, or multi-zone metering modes.

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In photography, the metering mode refers to the way in which a camera determines exposure. Cameras generally allow the user to select between spot, center-weighted average, or multi-zonemetering modes.

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Evaluative Metering. Matrix Metering orEvaluative Metering mode is the default meteringmode on most DSLRs. It works similarly to the above example by dividing the entire frame into multiple “zones”, which are then all analyzed on individual basis for light and dark tones.

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A meteringsensor.This sensor is located inside the camera, where it measures the brightness of the subject when exposed to light. ... The metering mode determines which areas of the frame are used by the camera to measure subject brightness and how the camera sets exposure.

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The Smudge tool simulates the effect you see when you drag a finger through wet paint. The tool picks up color where the stroke begins and pushes it in the direction you drag. Select the Smudge tool . Choose a brush tip and options for the blending mode in the options bar.

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Gradients are a great way to add that little something extra to a background or image. According to Adobe, “The Gradient tool creates a gradual blend between multiple colors.

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a reflector is an improvised or specialised reflective surface used to redirect light towards a given subject or scene.

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You create a layer mask either by drawing white on a black background or by building a high contrast image (a key) based on the luminance or color of the layer. A vector mask is a geometrical shape rather than an fixed image.

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The Adjustment Layers in Photoshop are a group of a super useful, non-destructive image editing tools that add color and tonal adjustments to your image without permanently changing its pixels. With the adjustment layers, you can edit and discard your adjustments or restore your original image at any time.