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Two types of superlative: relative and absolute.

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The absolute superlative does not describe the noun in the context of a larger group.
For example: The book is extremely expensive.

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The absolute superlative for adjectives has three possible forms.

muy + adjective
sumamente + adjective
adjective + ísimo (-a, -os, -as)

The following translations are somewhat arbitrary. Each superlative statement is a little stronger than the one that precedes it.

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The relative superlative describes a noun within the context of some larger group.
For example: John is the smartest boy in the class.

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The relative superlative is formed by using the word “most” or the ending “-est.”
In Spanish, the relative superlative construction is similar to the comparative.

definite article + noun + más (menos) + adjective + de

Just like in English, the noun can be omitted. All of the following are correct.

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One way to describe nouns (people, objects, animals, etc.) is by comparing them to something else. When comparing two things, you’re likely to use adjectives like smaller, bigger, taller, more interesting, and less expensive. Notice the ‑er ending, and the words more and less.

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For adjectives that are just one syllable, add -er to the end.

For two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y and for all three-or-more-syllable adjectives, use the form “more + adjective.”

For two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, change the -y to -i and add -er.

These simple rules make it easy to tell when you should add -er or -ier and when you should use “more + adjective.”

Notice the spelling change for adjectives ending in ‑y: the comparative ends in ‑ier.

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This house is more exciting than ever.

Mike is funnier than Isaac.

This book is more boring than the last one.

Advertising pressures women to be thinner .

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The apple is as heavy.

The apple is as heavy as the orange (is).

The apple is as light as the orange (is).

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The comparative as…as expresses that two items have equivalent aspects of quality (Adj) or manner (Adv).
The second as is a preposition which takes a noun or a clause as its complement. Typically, the clause is reduced to the subject or the auxiliary form of the verb.

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An apple grows as slowly as an orange (does).

An apple falls to the ground as quickly as an orange (does).

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The comparison is understood from contextual information.

adjunct prepositional phrase — in grammar, a phrase that is extra, not required by the subject and predicate to complete the meaning of the clause.  For example, The apple is the same weight. (complete); The apple is the same weight as the orange. (extra or "adjunct").

equivalent (Adj) – being nearly equal in a particular aspect (part)

relative (Adj) – having a particular quality when compared with something else

prepositional complements — several adverbs have been reassigned to the category of Preposition. A preposition is no longer restricted to taking an noun as its complement. It may take a wide variety of complements.