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Dramatic Irony (L69-72, S7, A1)
Soliloquy (L15-21, S5, A1)
Paradox (L10, S1, A1)

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Dramatic Irony: "This castle hath a pleasant seat. The air
Nimbly and sweetly recommends itself
Unto our gentle senses."

Soliloquy:

"Glamis thou art, and Cawdor; and shalt be

What thou art promised. Yet do I fear thy nature;

It is too full o' th' milk of human kindness

To catch the nearest way: thou wouldst be great,

Art not without ambition, but without

The illness should attend it. What thou wouldst highly,

That wouldst thou holily; wouldst not play false, ..."

Paradox:  "Fair is foul and foul is fair."

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Dramatic Irony:
In the example of dramatic irony, the audience is aware of the fact that Duncan is walking into a scenario in which he will be killed. As Duncan is entirely oblivious to his fate which is so obvious to the audience/readers, it creates dramatic irony.

Soliloquy:
In the example of soliloquy, Lady Macbeth expresses her strong emotions when presented the idea of becoming Queen. Alone on the stage, she takes the spotlight in a manner which allows for her to place emphasis on the intense desire she has to assent to this power no matter if the consequences leave her alone.

Paradox:
The example of the paradox is not only used to portray the corrupted and purposefully contrasting speech of the three witches, but the self contracting statement of the witches is used in a sense which will display Macbeth's struggle to decide whether or not good intentions will matter if his path to achieve his destined outcome is good and worthy.

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As Macbeth is given the opportunity to obtain higher and higher stances in authority, his thoughts quite obviously grow corrupt. When at first he is only a warrior, he has no violent intentions beyond serving for his king. Yet, as Macbeth is rewarded a substantial role of authority, the sudden rush of power is accompanied by corrupt ideas of killing the King that has been good and loyal to, the King that he has fought so valiantly for. The article explains the way that throughout history it has been proven twice over that the psychological "need for power" is one of the three most basic drives of human ambition. A psychological need that continuously encourages one to take actions that they would not normally do in order to gain a higher stance of power.

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Wolfgang Wildner, CC BY-ND

World leaders who make war tend to have a particular personality profile called " high need for power ". American presidents who show this need have, throughout history, been more likely to take their country into war than those who don't. Dwight Eisenhower didn't show it for instance, while George W Bush did.

"Need for power" was identified by the great psychologist David McLelland as one of three basic, largely unconscious drives, which motivate people to different degrees. The need for power - the others are the needs for affiliation and achievement - is where you are motivated to dominate and control what other people want, need or fear.

In simulations of the Cuban missile crisis, where nuclear holocaust between Russia and USA was narrowly averted, people who score highly in terms of their need for power played the role of war room decision makers. They tended to take actions which would, in 1962, have resulted in nuclear war.

All leaders need to have a certain appetite for power - leadership is too stressful otherwise, and power's effects on the brain acts as a sort of anti-depressant. But like all addictive drugs, too much for too long causes dangerous changes in the brain, which include reckless disinhibition, risk-blindness and difficulty in seeing things from other's perspective: ex-UK Foreign Secretary Lord Owen has described this as the " Hubris Syndrome " which he diagnosed leaders Margaret Thatcher, Tony Blair and George W Bush, among others, as showing.

Few if any leaders can survive more than ten years of power without being tipped into this dangerous state of altered personality and increased desire for even more power. Most democracies have devised constraints - limited terms of office for instance - to counteract such dangerous changes to the brain.

Creating havoc

It is the neurologically-created conceit of many powerful leaders that - in the words of Louis XV of France - "après moi le déluge" (after me, the flood). Power fosters the delusion of indispensability and many political leaders have created havoc in fighting to stay in post because they genuinely believe their abilities are crucial for the survival of their country and that no-one else can do it.

Vladimir Putin has held power in Russia as president or prime minister for approaching 15 years - too long for any man or woman's brain to endure without dangerous changes which foster recklessness and a blindness to other perspectives. The military incursion into Ukraine may be a particularly worrying symptom of this leader's affliction.

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Too much power can do very odd things to a leader's head

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World leaders who make war tend to have a particular personality profile called " high need for power ". American presidents who show this need have, throughout history, been more likely to take their country into war than those who don't. Dwight Eisenhower didn't show it for instance, while George W Bush did.

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The song I Just Can't Wait to Be King from The Lion King relates to Macbeth because the three witches tell Macbeth that he will become king one day and Macbeth is now looking forward to becoming royalty.

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Dramatic Irony: The audience knows something before the character(s) are aware of it.

Soliloquy: Whenever a character expresses his or her thoughts alone on stage.

Paradox: A self contradicting statement that can be proven true.