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Rosa Parks was sitting on a crowded bus when she refused to give up her seat for a white person. She was arrested and put in jail. This started the Montgomery Bus Boycott. African Americans refused to ride Montgomery's buses fro a year instead they walked everywhere. This was bad for the buses because they were losing money and business. The boycott finally ended once the supreme court said that segregated buses are unconstitutional and made it a law. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference was formed after the success of the boycott and they were committed to mass non-violent protests in hopes to further the civil rights movement. Another group aimed to helping civil rights was CORE. They sent freedom riders down south in hoped in integrate bus stations. Freedom riders would use whites only places such as bathrooms and counters. They were often harassed so Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent federal marshals to protect them. Finally in 1961the government forced bus and train stations to integrate. This helped push the government closer to equal rights.

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After the Brown v. Board of Education decision,  public schools were obligated to start integrating African Americans into their schools. However, the Supreme Court's ruling gave no guidance about how or when desegregation should occur. In 1957, in Little Rock, Arkansas, Governor Orval Faubas violated a federal court order to integrate African American students into Little Rock's Central High School. He ordered Arkansas National Guard to keep the nine black students out. On September 4, 1957, the "Little Rock Nine" students attempted to enter their school, but were spat and harassed by a hostile crowd and denied entry by the National Guard. This event was significant to Civil Rights because it showed the continued hostility of racists to African Americans. It also showed that racism could not be fully ended through laws. Even though segregation was illegal, whites, especially in the south, continued their same beliefs of superiority. De facto segregation was still prevalent throughout the country. It showed that people's ideologies needed to be changed to make a change for Civil Rights, not just the laws.

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Martin Luther King Jr. was inspired by Gandhi, a leader in India, to act out peaceful protests in the hopes to get civil rights. This nonviolent approach would expose injustice and force the government to end it. On February, 1, 1960, four college students engaged in nonviolent protests through beginning a sit-in at a Woolworth's store. The story gained more and more media attention as more protesters peacefully took up the seats in the store. During the next two months, more civil rights protesters started sit-ins in about 50 southern cities. These protests were significant to civil rights because they expose cruelty and hostility in the south. The protesters had to endure harsh conditions such as food or beverages being thrown at them or being spat at. However, the protesters gained the moral high ground by not fighting back and keeping the peace. These sit-ins educated people on the harshness of segregation and the injustice that African Americans faced. It also helped gain many white supporters of the Civil Rights movement.

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On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was in Dallas, Texas working on his re-election campaign. While riding in an open car, shots were fired and he was killed. In a matter of hours V.P Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as president. After the shooting Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested. Johnson continued with Kenny's plans after he became president. Johnson's plans also went farther than Kennedy's. Johnson wanted a Great society, with justice for all. The Assassination of Kennedy helped the civil movement because it paved way for Johnson. Kennedy Helped America in foreign affairs. In world affairs he had won friends for the nation through the Peace Corps and bettered relations with the Soviet Union. At home, however, Kennedy was not able to accomplish what he wanted. This is what Johnson could do now. President Johnson had great political skills and great compassion for the underprivileged which helped him create the Great Society he wanted. The beginning of Civil Rights started with Johnson's war on poverty.

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On August 28, 1963, hundreds of thousands of Americans gathered during the the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his "I have a Dream" speech at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. His speech was directed to try to capture both the necessity for change and the potential for hope in American society.  Dr. King spoke to his audience, whom consisted mainly of African Americans, to empower them to join his peaceful protest to gain freedom. King's speech helped the Civil Rights movement grow stronger because it helped unit the people together as equals. He encouraged Non violent protests because it would help them gain support. If the government or police retaliated the peaceful protests with violence it made the police look bad and lose respect. His speech and his influence over the people helped publicize many civil rights efforts and protests taking place.

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Martin Luther King - I Have A Dream Speech - August 28, 1963

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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)

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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)

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In the 1950s, public schools in the United States were heavily segregated. The schools for African American children were far below the quality education for whites. Linda Brown, a black third grader in Topeka, Kansas, had to walk five blocks to the bus stop to go to a black elementary school when a white school was only two blocks from her house. The NAACP used Brown's situation to challenge segregation in public schools. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote that schools separated by race were unconstitutional, and in 1955, the Supreme Court issued a follow up decision that ordered desegregation to proceed immediately. This court case is significant to Civil Rights because it was the first step in desegregation through law. The court ruled that the previous "separate but equal" clause from Plessy v. Ferguson was unconstitutional. Therefore, it was also unconstitutional to segregate schools. African American students would be given the opportunity to attend better schools. However, many white, racist Americans still tried to prevent their equal education.

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The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 

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The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 

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In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. led a march in Memphis, Tennessee. He was supporting striking sanitation workers, who were protesting discrimination in the city’s work and pay policies. MLK led a march to city hall on March 28th and stayed in Memphis to speak at a rally in April.  James earl ray assassinated King on April 4, 1968. Angry riots erupted in 120 cities, and troops were called into restore peace. This event is significant to Civil Rights because Martin Luther King was an important leader of the movement. He became a martyr for the cause of equal rights. This event got major publicity because of the many riots starting around the country as a result of his death. These violent acts went against King's previous policy of nonviolence. African Americans began to realize that nonviolence might not get them they rights they deserve.

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By: Katie Hally and Micaela Kersey