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See watercress on meco beach, Sesimbra, on my PlantArea.

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See watercress on meco beach, Sesimbra, on my PlantArea.

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https://www.apambiente.pt/index.php?ref=16&subref=81&sub2ref=118&sub3ref=393

https://expresso.pt/sociedade/2015-12-03-Alteracoes-climaticas-Portugal-e-dos-paises-que-mais-pode-sofrer#gs.YI4K6EBF

https://youtu.be/yyMQrhVejs4

https://multimedia.expresso.pt/ambiente2018/

https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/

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They are grapes from only two grape varieties: Castelão and Fernão Pires, located in Fernando Pó in the region of Palmela, Leonor Freitas with its innovative spirit and differentiator introduced a variety of varieties such as Trincadeira, Touriga Nacional, Aragonês, Syrah, Alicante Bouschet , among others.
Casa Ermelinda Freitas owns at this moment 440 hectares of vineyard, where 60% are from Castelão, 30% of varietal varieties such as Touriga Nacional, Trincadeira, Syrah, Aragonês, Alicante Bouschet, Touriga Franca, Merlot and Petit Verdot, and 10% of white grapes such as Fernão Pires, Chardonnay, Arinto, Verdelho, Sauvignon Blanc and Moscatel de Setúbal.
Given the prime location of the farm, it produces some of the region's best wines.

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Sendo a Casa Ermelinda Freitas proprietária neste momento de 440 hectares de vinha, onde 60% são de Castelão, 30% de variedades tintas como Touriga Nacional, Trincadeira, Syrah, Aragonês, Alicante Bouschet, Touriga Franca, Merlot and Petit Verdot, e 10% de uvas brancas como Fernão Pires, Chardonnay, Arinto, Verdelho, Sauvignon Blanc e Moscatel de Setúbal.

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Famous wine made with grapes from my region

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Famous wine made with grapes from my region

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In making this wine the grape varieties are fermented separately according to the traditional method, with a short maceration period, and controlled temperature fermentation to ensure the retention of fruity aromas, aiming at a modern style, very fruity and particularly pleasant when consumed young.
Aging: Not aged in wooden barrels
Tasting notes: Aroma fruity, dominated by nuances of forest fruits and strawberry preserve. In the mouth, we find flavors identical to the aromas, integrated to a soft tannic structure.

In gastronomy, this wine is accompanied by light meat and cod dishes, which benefit from being served fresher than a common red wine.

Operating temperature: 14 - 16ºC

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The IUCN Red List Categories at the regional scale (IUCN 2012b)

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The IUCN Red List Categories at the regional scale (IUCN 2012b)

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Compare my conservation business plan with the business plan of other colleagues and my opinion. 
  

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Compare my conservation business plan with the business plan of other colleagues and my opinion. 
  

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I had a lot of trouble doing this, since I do not have the training to make plans of this type and I do not know if I did well.
Comparing my plan with that of my colleagues are all different. They differ in objectives, measures of conservation and programming of actions, in the collection of funds and monitoring of the initiatives, when they exist. So in my opinion, it was very difficult to make comparisons.
I liked the sharing of knowledge and I learned a lot with the different areas. Thanks.

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Comparing, my plantArea and that of my colleagues,
 

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Comparing, my plantArea and that of my colleagues,
 

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He ones I visited, the similarities are climate change. Some evidence, is the rise in temperature, the submersion of sea water and others.

The differences are in endemic plants and in threats and stressors.

Here there is no habit of flooding because there are droughts.

I agree with my colleagues, all this is affecting the species on Earth, in which some adapt and others are extinguished.

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 Business Plan for a Non-profit Local Volunteer Organization

 "Friends of the Protection of Nature"

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 Business Plan for a Non-profit Local Volunteer Organization

 "Friends of the Protection of Nature"

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Our general objective is to contribute to the conservation of species of flora whose conservation status is considered to be "endangered" in Arrábida-Espichel (an area with a high degree of biodiversity and some of which are rare), contributing for the management of its biodiversity and protection of existing natural values.

To do so, there is a need for involvement and collaboration in order to recover and conserve our plants.

The threats to conservation are mainly in this area, subject to intense pressures of anthropogenic origin, such as tourism, leisure and urban growth.
Conservation measures are aimed at countering the main threats posed by species, such as planning of roads and regulation of outdoor activities.
Program of actions:
Recovery of the species through the transplantation of plants at risk and release of collected seeds.
Seed experiments and seed development are also done to increase the genetic diversity of the transplanted population.
For information and public awareness, activities are planned with local associations and schools, informative panels, distribution of leaflets, creation of a website, permanent exhibition at the sites (Arrábida and Espichel) and dissemination seminars.
It shares with the Country and other volunteers the best spots in its Parish / Municipality, convincing them to visit their "home", to better understand the Biodiversity of the present flora, as well as the information and use of medicinal and food plants.

Funds are needed, for this, it is necessary: ​​to sponsor a species (contributions of 12 to ... euros); Enroll in the guided walk with a scientist, to know better the species at risk (contribution of 30 euros).
The funds raised will be used to purchase seeds for cultivation, to build new spaces for the recovery and treatment of plants and other necessary expenses.

As for the monitoring of the effects of the implemented measures, as a contribution to the management of this zone, the monitoring and the surveys to be carried out with the local population should be added to better evaluate the impact of the actions.

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Food using as one of the ingredient acorns

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Food using as one of the ingredient acorns

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An interactive map allows you to observe in each region how many days the heat becomes dangerous per year, as well as identifying the combination of temperature and humidity that makes them threatening.

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Mapping historic and predicted global heatwaves.

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 Small Climatological comment on this period

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 Small Climatological comment on this period

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The month of February in Portugal and in my PlantArea, it was classified as hot in relation to the air temperature and very dry in relation to the precipitation.
Anomalies were recorded in relation to the increase in temperature and the reduced amount of precipitation during this period, as compared to previous years. The IPMA has decreed moderate drought in my region, as we are increasingly faced with climatic changes, which are due to the various species.
These IPMA maps, indicate the drought index from 31 January to 28 February.

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Species threatened in Portugal using the corresponding list on Earth

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Species threatened in Portugal using the corresponding list on Earth

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Endangered species in Portugal using the list are as follows:
In my PlanArea:
Juniper (Juniperus brevifolia)
(Juniperus cedrus)
In other regions of my country:
Cheewood (Pittosporum coriaceum)
Madeira Island:
Heberdenia excelsa
Dragon Tree (Dracaena draco)
Sorbus ssp. (Sorbus madensis)
Islands of the Azores
Pau-branco (Picconia azorica)
http://www.earthsendangered.com/plant_list.asp

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Watercress Cake Recipe
A simple recipe to prepare and the result is delicious with a shade of green.

Ingredients:
100 g watercress
4 eggs
2 cups white sugar tea (can reduce the amount)
2 cups wheat flour with baking powder
1 teaspoon baking powder
20 g butter
15 cl vegetable oil

Preparation Instructions:
1) Wash the watercress.
2) Remove the leaves from the watercress.
3) In a bowl add oil with the egg yolks and beat for 2 minutes.
4) Add the leaves of the watercress knock again to make it crushed.
5) Add the sugar and flour and baking powder.
6) Beat the egg whites.
7) Wrap the preparation clear.
8) Grease a shape with butter and a bocadino of flour.
9) Bake at 180ºC for about 30 to 50 minutes. After baking, unmould and put (powdered) the powdered sugar on top of the cake.

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BIODIVERSIDADE AMEAÇADA PLANTAS DE PORTUGALQUEM AS SALVA ?

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Sementes de alecrim do museu de Toulouse

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Sementes de alecrim do museu de Toulouse

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Distribution of Marian thistle in my country

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Distribution of Marian thistle in my country

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The medronho brandy is a traditional fruit brandy made from the fruit of the arbutus (medronho) typical of some Portuguese saws. Treefrogs grow wild on poor soils in rural areas.

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 Theophrastus and the Two Treaties on Botany

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 Theophrastus and the Two Treaties on Botany

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Theophrastus was Greek, was the successor of Aristotle, botanist and physicist. His two botanical works, "Inquiry into Plants" and "On the Causes of Plants", are the first systematization in botany and were sources of knowledge during antiquity and the Middle Ages.
In these works he developed his own vocabulary to describe plant processes, he worried about unidentified and unknown plant species.
In the first, the plants are classified according to germination modes, localities, sizes and practical applications. Treats shrubs, thorny plants, edible seed plants, foods, herbs, gums, resins, etc.
The second deals with growth; fertility; the time to sow and reap; preparation of soil, odors, flavors and properties, the economic and medicinal use of plants, having realized the importance of climate and soil in these.
Many of the information on Greek plants may have come from their Observations.
file:///C:/Users/Escrit%C3%B3rio/Downloads/201935195221333outfile%20(1).pdf

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1)Rich plant in my Area: Pinheiro Manso( Pinus pinea)

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1)Rich plant in my Area: Pinheiro Manso( Pinus pinea)

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Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Pinaceae
Genus: Pinus

The pine tree is a large canopy tree, with an unmistakable silhouette, up to 30m high, a pine species originating in the Old World, more precisely the region of the Mediterranean. Since prehistoric times, this tree is used as a source of food, due to the pine nuts it produces and have a high price
in international markets, being a very widespread species.

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It is also possible that goat herding, low rainfall and possible fires, tourist development, have contributed to the disappearance of some species.

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Watercress in food and as a medicinal plant

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Watercress in food and as a medicinal plant

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The watercress can be eaten raw, in salads or cooked, in soups, sautéed and other savory dishes. Also enterin  such as honey syrups and other therapeutic plants. Watercress is a vegetable rich in minerals such as iodine, iron, manganese and calcium, as well as vitamins A, C and the complex.
Plant Medicinal:
Indications: respiratory disorders, amenorrhea, goiter, malnutrition, muscular atony, anorexia, inflammations, skin conditions
Properties: antiscorbous, anti-inflammatory, anti-thermal, antitussive, healing, decongestant, diuretic, moisturizing, expectorant, fluidizing.

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 Compare my PlantArea with PlantAreas of my colegas and indicating differences or similarities  in relation to climate change (Tema 3)         

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 Compare my PlantArea with PlantAreas of my colegas and indicating differences or similarities  in relation to climate change (Tema 3)         

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Regarding climate change there are similarities because all PlantAreas are being affected by changes.
In several areas they report that there has been an increase in sea level and sea water temperatures and droughts. These are evidences of a global climate on the verge of a collapse having influence in the species, some adapt to the changes and others do not succeed and thus they are extinguished.

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Compare my PlantArea with PlantAreas of my colegas and indicating differences or similarities  (Theme 2)

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Compare my PlantArea with PlantAreas of my colegas and indicating differences or similarities  (Theme 2)

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According to my PlantArea compared to colleagues in my area, they have similar characteristics.
Some species are identical others are different despite the region and the climate being the same.
Other colleagues from the same Mediterranean Biogeographic region also have a very large diversity of species, some of which do not exist in my country and so far I was unknown. They have concrete examples with photos, maps and describe the specific region to which they belong.

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http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/ap/p-nat/pnar/flora

http://naturlink.pt/article.aspx?menuid=20&cid=95574&bl=1

https://www.e-cultura.sapo.pt//artigo/4965

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This plant is a species of my PlantArea and as it was in the red list of the vascular plants of Portugal, I sponsored.
My diploma in godmother Daveaua anthemoides,
due to having contributed to the conclusion of the project 'Red List of the Vascular Flora of Continental Portugal' within the scope of the Campaign 'Sponsor a Plant of the Red List'.

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We have the botanical garden Ajuda that is the oldest and another that is inserted in the National Museum of Natural History and Science in Lisbon are of extreme importance because they have several collections that also serve various branches of botanical research.

https://museus.ulisboa.pt/pt-pt/jardim-botanico-lisboa

In addition to a Seed Bank, it presents the following collections:
Fitogeográfica Collection;
Garden of Aromas with Braille subtitles;
Dendrological collection;
Collection of aquatic plants;
Collection of indoor plants.

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2)Rich plant in my Area: Aroeira (Pistacia lentiscus)

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2)Rich plant in my Area: Aroeira (Pistacia lentiscus)

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Scientific name of Pistacia lentiscus L.
It belongs to the Class of Magnoliopsida;
Order: Sapindales;
Family: Anacardiaceae;
Genus: Pistacia.

It is a shrub up to 6 m high, with a persistent leaf that grows in scrub and sclerophyllous forests, among other species, spontaneously in regions of not too cold climate,
Mediterranean regions and the territories of Macaronesia, which would be Cape Verde, the Canary Islands, the Azores and Madeira.
Aroeira is used for medicinal, food and religious purposes. From this plant is extracted an aromatic resin denominated almácega that in the classic time was used like gum of chewing, and still is currently used in the manufacture of cosmetics and liquors, in dental medicine and in pastry and confectionery.

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Publication shortly, of book with red vascular flora list, in my country

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Publication shortly, of book with red vascular flora list, in my country

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Here, a book with the Red List of vascular flora in mainland Portugal is in the stage of concluding (if there is enough money).
The objective of the project is to prepare the Red List of the Vascular Flora of Portugal (ie the diagnosis of the extinction risk of native plants in our territory), which will guide biodiversity conservation management policies and help to conservation of flora in our country.

http://listavermelha-flora.pt/inicio/

http://www.spbotanica.pt/#apadrinhe

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Rain Forest Plants Race to Outrun Global Warming.  

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Rain Forest Plants Race to Outrun Global Warming.  

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Tropical plants are migrating due to climate change, but can they move fast enough?

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From a 13,000-foot peak of the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, gazing east over the dense rain forests of the Amazon basin, all you see is undulating green-one of the most verdant places on the planet. It's what you can't see that matters. The plants are on the run, trying to move to higher ground, where the air is cool enough to support their existence.
"Most of these species are not going to be able to tolerate climate change," says Ken Feeley, a tropical biologist from Florida International University in Miami, "mostly because climate change is happening so fast."

Feeley spoke as we hiked into the jungle with a small group of other scientists -- through an area that contains more tree, plant, bird, and animal species than the entire eastern seaboard of the United States.

It is here that an international collective of scientists, called the Andes Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group, has mapped one of the largest field grids of its kind for a wide range of climate change studies.

According to a decade of research by Feeley and his colleagues, including tropical biologist Miles Silman of Wake Forest University, tropical species are frantically migrating upslope as they reproduce. But they may not be moving fast enough.

Tropical Andean tree species are shifting roughly 8 to 12 vertical feet (2.5 to 3.5 meters) a year on average -- the arboreal equivalent of a dash. Yet for those trees to remain in equilibrium with their preferred temperatures, they need to migrate more than 20 vertical feet a year.

"We are looking at what entire populations of these species are doing in response to climate change," Silman said. "It's fairly spectacular and quick. But it might not be quick enough."

As we hike, I notice a large, bushy schefflera with umbrella-like leaves. It looks just like the one I have in a pot on my porch back home in North Carolina. Silman says it could survive the race. Of 38 species tracked in the 2010 study, schefflera is migrating the fastest, as much as a hundred vertical feet a year. But ficus, another common houseplant native to the tropics, could be doomed. It is migrating less than five vertical feet annually.

Research models by other biologists project that more than 50 percent of tropical species could die off by 2100 or sooner if average temperatures rise by 7 degrees Fahrenheit, as climate experts predict. If the planet warms even more, which is possible, extinctions could reach 90 percent.
"Particle Accelerator of Tropical Biology"
When ice caps melt, it is relatively easy for scientists to describe what is going on-and calving glaciers make for dramatic images. But the tropics are difficult to access, and are less well understood.

For the past decade, however, the Andes Group has been helping to fill the relative research vacuum. The scientists, including co-founder Silman, are from the United Kingdom, the United States, and Peru.

They use an ancient, rock-strewn Incan trail, the Troucha Union, for access to their study field. After ascending a series of switchbacks on a six-hour ride from Cuzco, the trail starts at 13,000 feet in the southernmost part of Manú National Park. It then winds and drops deep into the Amazon basin.

The research plots initially consisted of eight one-hectare squares (110 yards by 110 yards) and now number more than 20. Each of the higher plots is separated by about 800 feet of vertical elevation. Because of the changes in elevation, the temperature between plots differs by about 2 degrees Fahrenheit.

As a result, species change from plot to plot too: Between plot one at 11,320 feet and plot four at 8,860 feet, for example, there is about a 90 percent differentiation in species. There are no species in common between plot one at the top and plot eight at 5,905 feet.

The boundaries - delineated with bright plastic tape - were installed in 2003 by Silman with assistance from a group of hardy Peruvian graduate students. Each of the plots is a chaotic morass of trees covered with epiphytes and vines; some are on sheer slopes with precipitous drop-offs.

"Tropical regions are understudied because they have been mostly inaccessible to science," Greg Asner, a biologist with the Carnegie Institute for Science at Stanford, told me during a conference of the Andes Group in Pisac, a village in Peru's Sacred Valley not far from Machu Picchu. "On the ground, where there is only difficult terrain or rough jungle, it's famously difficult to access."

The Peruvians visit the area several times a year to gather data on the growth patterns of trees inside the taped boundaries; the statistical analyses of that data led to the tree-migration findings.

"Miles's initial vision for the plots as an open-source research tool for our field has really come to fruition," Brian Enquist, an ecologist and evolutionary biologist from the University of Arizona, told me. "Those plots are to tropical biologists what the particle accelerator has been to physicists."

Many biological and climate studies are underway here. Yadvinder Malhi of Oxford University and Patrick Meir of the University of Edinburgh use the plots to study how carbon is absorbed and converted into plant tissue in the process of photosynthesis. Asner uses infrared lasers to examine the area from a high-tech plane called the Carnegie Airborne Observatory. Other scientists are studying the soil, the insects, the ferns, and the frogs, which are dying off. The San Diego Zoo has been invited to join the Andes Group to study animals in the area.
Small Changes, Big Implications
In two weeks of interviews with biologists - while hiking through the Andes or meeting between lectures in Pisac - I heard dire concerns not only about biodiversity, but also about impacts on natural systems that regulate temperature and weather patterns around the world.

"Small changes in the tropics can have huge ramifications for the entire Earth system," Malhi of Oxford told me. "Changes in rainfall in the Amazon, for example, feed forward to changes in rainfall in North America and Europe and in central Asia."

It's the sheer size and intensity of what happens in the tropics that makes the impact so alarming. Greenhouse gases are absorbed and stored as biomass in the trunks, limbs, and roots of tropical trees. Water pulled from the oceans cycles through the trees and then exits as moisture that turns into the clouds that help cool the Earth or deliver rain.

It's easy to see how degraded or reduced tropical forests could mean less greenhouse gas being absorbed and fewer clouds being produced. Under that scenario, global warming could accelerate, the scientists fear, and less rainfall could make raising crops more difficult where populations are growing the fastest.
The Conservation Challenge
What can be done? Many of the tropical biologists I interviewed in Peru argue that the United States and China, which account for more than 40 percent of greenhouse gases, must implement sweeping policies to reduce those emissions significantly. Plus, the scientists say, poorer countries rich in tropical forests like Peru, Ecuador, and Indonesia will need lucrative financial incentives from wealthy countries to preserve and protect those forests, instead of mining or drilling for the natural resources beneath them.

"If you have so many billion tons of carbon stored in your forests, that becomes an asset like Saudi Arabia's oil money," said Sassan Saatchi, a senior scientist with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology.

The idea of carbon offsets, promoted by the United Nations since 2009, is promising. But it's been slow to catch on. Ecuador, for example, recently requested $3.6 billion from developed countries to set aside 4,000 square miles of rain forest. Virtually no investors stepped forward. The president of Ecuador pledged to drill for Amazonian oil instead.
Justin Catanoso is a journalist in North Carolina. His climate change coverage is supported by the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting in Washington, D.C.

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Rain Forest Plants Race to Outrun Global Warming

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From a 13,000-foot peak of the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, gazing east over the dense rain forests of the Amazon basin, all you see is undulating green-one of the most verdant places on the planet. It's what you can't see that matters.

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The threat of climate change and the knowledge that it is related to CO2 emissions from fossil fuels has led scientists to look for alternatives for our energy needs, that is in the cultivation of biofuel crops.
Using your everyday knowledge, which of the following sentences do you think is true?

Replacing fossil fuels with biofuels is highly controversial since it solves one problem but creates new ones.

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In the Andes, the longest continental mountain range in the world, located in south America, tree species are ‘on the run’, trying to move to ground of higher altitude. They are shifting roughly 2.5 to 3.5 vertical meters a year on average, but in fact they need to migrate more than 20 vertical feet a year!

Look at the 3 options below and choose the one that describes best the Andes issue explained above.

2)Tropical Andean trees migrate to higher altitudes where the air is cool enough to support their existence. Due to the fast climatic change they have to move faster in order to remain in equilibrium with their preferred temperatures.

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Map and graphics with the temperature in the month of January. compared to other years.
Anomalies of maximum air temperature - january 2019.

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Portugal is one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change," recalled the geophysical scientist, Filipe Duarte Santos, a specialist in this area.
As for the Rain and Heat stated that "these extreme extremes will worsen in the future," the scientists say. Rainfall may fall more than 50% in summer or spring, but increase by 20% in winter, estimates a study of the ClimaAdaPT project. Local, which involves 26 Portuguese municipalities. The study, led by the Climate Research Center (CCIAM) of the Faculty of Sciences of Lisbon, also warns of the need for municipalities to prepare to deal with heat waves that can extend for another 50 days, with temperatures above 35 degrees. And these waves can be up to 12 times more frequent in some counties.
The risk of increasing forest fires is another scenario presented by global warming.
On the other hand, climate change will force change of plantations and cultivation of areas.
Also changes in ecosystems and loss of Biodiversity.

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As alterações climáticas são já uma realidade. Desde a era industrial até ao final de 2015, os cientistas do Met Office británico estimam que a temperatura média global no Planeta subiu um grau Celsius (1ºC). Ou seja subiu muito mais em 150 anos do que ao longo dos milhares de anos que precederam a última Era Glaciar (mais 5ºC), segundo dados do Painel Intergovernamental para as Alterações Climáticas (IPCC).

Este aumento das temperaturas tem já reflexos nos padrões de precipitação, no degelo dos glaciares e na subida do nível médio do mar. Mas em 2100 os cenários projetados mostram uma situação muito mais gravosa a nível planetário.

Há ilhas do Pacífico e do Índico que irão submergir com a subida do nível do mar; a neve nas zonas montanhosas da Europa vai desaparecer, afetando o turismo de inverno; os riscos de desertificação e de perda de fluxo de água nos rios vai afetar o abastecimento de água e alimentos; os fogos florestais no verão ou as inundações no inverno vão agravar-se, tal como se agudizará a mortalidade devido a ondas de calor. A tudo isto acrescenta-se a perda de biodiversidade a nível planetário.
Os cenários para Portugal
E "Portugal é um dos países mais vulneráveis às alterações climáticas", têm-no lembrado cientistas e governantes como o ex-ministro do Ambiente, Jorge Moreira da Silva, ou o geofísico, Filipe Duarte Santos.

As pessoas lembram-se das alterações climáticas quando o mar lhes entra pelas casas adentro, destruindo bens e deixando praias sem areia, como aconteceu no inverno de 2014. Ou quando chuvas torrenciais transformam ruas em rios que antes eram ribeiros, como aconteceu em Albufeira recentemente. Claro que a culpa não é só das alterações climáticas. O facto de o homem ter construído em leito de cheia ou demasiado perto do mar são as principais razões para que o risco aumente.
Chuva e calor
Mas "estes fenomenos extremos vão agravar-se no futuro", garantem os cientistas. As chuvas podem vir a baixar mais de 50% no verão ou na primavera, mas aumentar 20% no Inverno, estima um estudo do projeto ClimaAdaPT. Local, que envolve 26 municípios portugueses. O estudo, liderado pelo centro de investigação climática (CCIAM) da Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboal também alerta para a necessidade de os municípios se prepararem para enfrentar ondas de calor que se podem prolongar por mais 50 dias, com temperaturas acima dos 35 graus. E estas ondas podem vir a ser até 12 vezes mais frequentes em alguns concelhos.
Doenças e mortalidade
O aumento das ondas de calor agrava também a mortalidade a elas devida, afetando sobretudo as pessoas mais vulneráveis. Outro dos riscos que o aumento das temperaturas traz é o de aparecimento de insectos transportadores de doenças como o dengue ou a malária.
Perda de Território
Cerca de dois terços da costa portuguesa sofre risco de erosão e a subida do nível médio do mar vem acentuar esse perigo e a necessidade de recuar populações ou de proteger pessoas e bens. A plataforma online "sealevels.info", por exemplo, mostra como a praça do Comércio em Lisboa se pode assemelhar á praça de S. Marco em Veneza, se nada for feito para evitá-lo ou proteger este território nos próximos anos.
Incêndios e perdas agrícolas
O risco de aumento de incêndios florestais é outro dos cenários apresentados pelo aquecimento global. Se, até agora, sempre que o Verão é mais quente se atibuem as culpas ao S. Pedro, no futuro, os dias de tempo quente e seco vão aumentar. E, como tal potenciar maior frequência de incêndios se nada for feito para preparar a floresta para travá-los

Por outro lado, as alterações climáticas vão obrigar a mudar plantações e cultivos de zonas. Os sobreiros do Alentejo poderão ter de migrar mais para norte.
Perda de Biodiversidade
Os anfíbios e os répteis são os mais vulneráveis a pequenas alterações no ecossistema. Mas a redução dos caudais dos rios também provocará eutrofização e afetará espécies de peixes fluviais. No mar, o aumento de acidificação das águas e a alteração de PH afetará o fitoplancton e toda a cadeia alimentar até ao nosso prato.
... e de turismo
Com a subida das temperaturas globais, países europeus mais a norte podem tornar-se mais amenos e atraentes para os turistas, o que pode afetar grandemente este setor em Portugal.

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Alterações climáticas: Portugal é dos países que mais pode sofrer

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As alterações climáticas são já uma realidade. Desde a era industrial até ao final de 2015, os cientistas do Met Office británico estimam que a temperatura média global no Planeta subiu um grau Celsius (1ºC).

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 2) Main species of the Christmas tree  in my PlantArea:                       
Pinheiro bravo (Pinus pinaster)

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 2) Main species of the Christmas tree  in my PlantArea:                       
Pinheiro bravo (Pinus pinaster)

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Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Pinophyta

Class: Pinopsida

Order: Pinales

Family: Pinaceae

Genus: Pinus

Species: P. pinaster

Morphology
It is an average tree, reaching between 39 to 60 meters. The crown of young trees is pyramidal, and in adults it is rounded. Its leaves are persistent leaves in the form of needles grouped in pairs, 10 to 25 centimeters long.
It has a monoecious flowering, ie the male and female flowers are gathered in one foot.
It has a widespread distribution by the Mediterranean basin, is located in the Atlantic coasts of the Iberian Peninsula and of France and also in the interior north, center of Portugal and peninsula of Setubal.

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Causes and consequences of climate change

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Causes and consequences of climate change

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Causas e consequências das alterações climáticas (PT)

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See, how is the soil at this moment, because there is no rain!

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See, how is the soil at this moment, because there is no rain!

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Changes of this plant due to the weather!

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Changes of this plant due to the weather!

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In this area, it did not rains practically this winter. The temperature is high for this time of year. These climate changes are influencing the various species and at this time the Cardo Mariano plant in Cape Espichel, Sesimbra, is as you can see in the vídeo.

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2)  Spice and its origin:  Orégãos (Origanum vulgare subsp. virens)

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2)  Spice and its origin:  Orégãos (Origanum vulgare subsp. virens)

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Perennial herb (biological type: Caméfito)
The family Lamiaceae.

Aromatic plant widely used in Mediterranean cuisine, including in Portugal, particularly in the Alentejo. It serves to aromatize soups, açordas, salads (especially of tomato) cheese and curd cheese, being also indispensable in the making of snails.

Distribution: Iberian Peninsula, Northwest Africa and Macaronesia. Present in almost the whole territory of the Continent, as well as in the archipelago of the Azores and Madeira, it is very common species in the Serra da Arrábida.

Flowering: from June to November.

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The regions with the countries that are part of the Biogeographic map of Europe.

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The regions with the countries that are part of the Biogeographic map of Europe.

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Map of occurrences in Portugal: 
Rosmarninus officinali

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Map of occurrences in Portugal: 
Rosmarninus officinali

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https://www.wilder.pt/seja-um-naturalista/o-que-procurar-no-outono-cinco-bagas-que-dao-cor-aos-nossos-bosques/

https://www.publico.pt/2015/03/23/sociedade/noticia/a-bolota-mostra-o-seu-poder-1689972#gs.8UZ7dd

http://floradaserradaarrabida.blogspot.com/2016/02/pinheiro-bravo-pinus-pinaster.html?m=1

http://botany.edwardworthlibrary.ie/ancient-botany/theophrastus/

https://www.tcd.ie/Botany/tercentenary/origins/theophrastus.php

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Honeysuckle in antiquity has been used, has been a very appreciated plant and used in medicine and, in fact, to treat respiratory infections such as cough, asthma, influenza, bronchitis, common colds or even tuberculosis.
This use is due to its natural components (carvacrol (simofenol), luteolin, clorogenic acid and geraniol, mainly) that made of the honeysuckle a little medicine for everything that has to do with the airways.
It is usually infused with dried flowers.

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The benefits of mallow to health (Malva sylvestris)

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The benefits of mallow to health (Malva sylvestris)

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Malva has numerous health benefits, and is great for relieving mouth and pharyngeal mucosa irritation, mouth and pharynx ulcers, inflammation of the airways and irritating and dry cough. In addition, this plant is also known to help treat gastritis if taken in the form of tea.
It is also used to treat insect bites, inflammatory eczema and wounds with or without the production of pus.
The properties of the mauve include its astringent action, diuretic, emollient, expectorant and laxative.

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 The Beogeographic  Mediterranean Region

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 The Beogeographic  Mediterranean Region

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1)Food plant: Agrião (Nasturtium officinale)

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1)Food plant: Agrião (Nasturtium officinale)

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Wild cress from a wetland of my PlantArea.

Scientific Name: Nasturtium officinale
Popular Names: Watercress, Watercress-officinalis, Cardania jontana, Thistle of the Rivers, Mastruço dos rios, Rabaça dos Rios
Family: Brassicaceae
Category: Leaves and Flowers, Aquatic Plants, Horticultural Plants, Marginal Plants
Climate: continental, equatorial, mediterranean, oceanic, subtropical, temperate, tropical
Origin: Asia, Europe
Height: 0.1 to 0.3 meters, 0.3 to 0.4 meters, 0.4 to 0.6 meters, less than 15 cm
Brightness: Full Sun
Life Cycle: Annual, Perennial

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Advantages and disadvantages of Biofuels

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Advantages and disadvantages of Biofuels

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Notícias e empregos sobre Energias Renováveis

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Há alguns anos, os biocombustíveis eram considerados como a solução para o aquecimento global. Atualmente, há quem diga que não são a solução, mas sim uma parte do problema.
Neste artigo apresentamos as principais vantagens e desvantagens no uso dos biocombustíveis em larga escala.

As economias e estilos de vida actuais baseiam-se no petróleo e no gás, dois recursos esgotáveis cada vez mais caros.

Quais as principais vantagens e desvantagens dos Biocombustíveis
Os biocombustíveis são combustíveis líquidos ou gasosos, produzidos a partir da biomassa.
Existem uma série de biocombustíveis líquidos com potencial de utilização, todos com origem em "culturas energéticas", em que os mais comuns são o Biodiesel e o Bioetanol. O primeiro é obtido a partir de óleos orgânicos e o segundo é produzido a partir da fermentação de hidratos de carbono (açúcar, amido, celulose).

Os biocombustíveis gasosos têm origem nos efluentes agro-pecuários/industriais e urbanos (lamas das estações de tratamento dos efluentes domésticos) e ainda nos aterros. É constituído por uma mistura de gases, em que o metano é o gás predominante, sendo esta mistura denominada por biogás.

Saiba mais sobre os tipos de biocombustíveis.

O que são os biocombustíveis?

Os biocombustíveis são produzidos à base de plantas energéticas, como é o caso do milho, dos cereais, das beterrabas açucareiras e das plantas oleaginosas.

Os mais utilizados são o biodiesel, fabricado a partir de soja ou de colza, o bioetanol, produzido à base de milho ou de beterraba, e os óleos vegetais puros. Essencialmente utilizados no sector dos transportes, os biocombustíveis podem ser utilizados puros em motores adaptados para o efeito, ou misturados com diesel ou com gasolina.

As vantagens dos Biocombustíveis

Além de permitirem reduzir a dependência energética em relação aos combustíveis fósseis, os biocombustíveis são produzidos a partir de plantas que absorvem CO2 e permitem a produção de combustíveis que não emitem gases com efeito de estufa, os principais responsáveis pelo aquecimento global.

Esta característica dos biocombustíveis fez com que, em Março de 2007, os Estados-Membros da UE reunidos em Conselho adoptassem um objectivo vinculativo de utilização de, pelo menos, 10% de biocombustíveis, nos combustíveis utilizados no sector dos transportes, até 2020.

As desvantagens dos Biocombustíveis

Apesar das vantagens apontadas, a utilização de biocombustíveis é um tema controverso. Em primeiro lugar, porque a produção de biocombustíveis consome muita energia e baseia-se em culturas intensivas, que produzem um gás com efeito de estufa, o óxido de azoto, que também tem efeitos no aquecimento global.

Além disso, muitas das terras utilizadas para o cultivo das plantas eram anteriormente regiões com grande capacidade de absorção de CO2, como é o caso das florestas tropicais. Para ter uma ideia da extensão e do impacto dos efeitos perversos dos biocombustíveis, basta analisar a desflorestação da América Central e da Ásia.

Outras desvantagens apontadas dizem respeito à poluição provocada pelas culturas intensivas, ao elevado consumo de água e à perda da diversidade biológica e dos habitats alimentares.

Existe ainda o receio de que a utilização das culturas para produção de biocombustíveis venha a provocar a falta e o consequente aumento do preço dos produtos agro-alimentares.

CONCORDA OU DISCORDA? ESCREVA O SEU COMENTÁRIO

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Há alguns anos, os biocombustíveis eram considerados como a solução para o aquecimento global. Atualmente, há quem diga que não são a solução, mas sim uma parte do problema. Neste artigo apresentamos as principais vantagens e desvantagens no uso dos biocombustíveis em larga escala.

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1) Main species of the Christmas tree in my PlantArea:  
 Pinheiro Manso (Pinus pinea)

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1) Main species of the Christmas tree in my PlantArea:  
 Pinheiro Manso (Pinus pinea)

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2)Food plant: Sobreiro (Quercus suber)                     Bolota

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2)Food plant: Sobreiro (Quercus suber)                     Bolota

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ThThe Acorn is the fruit of the cork oak is an "invincible men's food" has a huge potential: Rich in fiber and protein, gluten-free, with high antioxidant power, a fat similar to that of olive oil and even compounds that can help fight disease such as cancer and Alzheimer's.
These serve to make drinks, cakes, bread, desserts, cream anti-aging cream, or anti-inflammatory and healing.

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1) Spice and its origin:    Tomilho-de-creta (Thymbra capitata) 

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1) Spice and its origin:    Tomilho-de-creta (Thymbra capitata) 

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Description: Small bush (20 to 50 cm high), woody, aromatic, has a very branched stem, with erect, whitish upward branches, with axillary tufts of leaves, these sessile, linear-lanceolate, glandular and weakly ciliated at the base. The purple flowers, with the upper lip bifido group in dense inflorescences at the end of the branches, protected by ciliaceous bracts.

Family: Lamiaceae;

Distribution:

- in general, it is scattered throughout the Mediterranean basin;

- in Portugal, it is given as a gift, at least in the Barrocal Algarve, in Arrábida and in the region of Lisbon;

Ecology: It appears spontaneously in clearings of weeds, abandoned or fallow land, in dry, often stony, sunny places, on possibly limestone or marly substrates;

Flowering: from June to August;

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2) Fruit for the manufacture of alcoholic beverages in Serra da Arrabida:  Pilriteiro ou espinheiro-alvar (Crataegus monogyna)

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2) Fruit for the manufacture of alcoholic beverages in Serra da Arrabida:  Pilriteiro ou espinheiro-alvar (Crataegus monogyna)

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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Shrub that usually reaches about 3 to 4 meters in height. Rounded crown, with branches with long, pointed spines arranged in the armpits of the leaves. Its trunk is smooth.
FRUIT:
Small and rounded, bright red to reddish brown - the pilgrims.
HABITAT:
Spontaneous shrub, occurring in shrubs and forests common in several types of soil, indifferent to pH, preferring loose, fresh and humid soils.
DISTRIBUTION:
Almost all of Europe, North Africa and Asia. It occupies all the Portuguese territory.
APPLICATIONS:
With ornamental interest. In some countries fruits are used in the preparation of alcoholic beverages. It is used to form thorn hedges, resisting pruning well. Recommended for polluted urban areas and coastal areas.
CURIOSITIES:
Supports air pollution. It is an important food source for larvae of many lepidopteran species.
It can reach 500 years.

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1) Fruit for the manufacture of alcoholic beverages in Sesimbra, Serra da Arrabida:Medronheiro (Arbutus unedo)

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1) Fruit for the manufacture of alcoholic beverages in Sesimbra, Serra da Arrabida:Medronheiro (Arbutus unedo)

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In Portugal there is an Atlantic region and a Mediterranean region.
My plantArea is located in the Mediterranean region.

The Mediterranean basin extends c.3,800 km from east to west from the tip of Portugal to the shores of Lebanon and about 1,000 km from north to south of Italy to Morocco and Libya. In the European Union, the Mediterranean region covers seven Member States, either partly (France, Portugal, Italy, Spain) or completely (Greece, Malta, Cyprus).
The climate is characterized by hot, dry summers and moist and cold winters, but it can also be notoriously capricious with sudden torrential rains or strong winds occurring at various times of the year. These climatic conditions exert a profound influence on the vegetation and wildlife of the region. So does its varied and contrasting topography - the Mediterranean region offers an ever-changing landscape of high mountains, rocky shores, impenetrable scrub, semi-arid steppes, coastal wetlands, sandy beaches and a myriad of islands of various shapes and sizes spread across the light blue sea.
The Mediterranean is surprisingly hilly.
All these areas shelter their own special kind of wildlife and habitats. As a result, the Mediterranean has not only a very rich biodiversity, but also a large number of species that exist here and nowhere else in the world. The rate of endemism is exceptionally high both on land and at sea. Of the 25,000 flowering plants identified so far - accounting for about 10% of all known plants on Earth - more than half are endemic to the region. Not surprisingly, the Mediterranean is considered one of the main biodiversity hotspots in the world.

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The main factors of environmental stress, such as droughts, floods, etc. which influence plant growth in my PlantArea region.

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The main factors of environmental stress, such as droughts, floods, etc. which influence plant growth in my PlantArea region.

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In my PlantArea, plants sometimes get stressed because there are no optimum conditions for life and thus reduces changes and responses at all functional levels of your body, which are reversible in principle but can become permanent. It is the external factors that exert a disadvantageous influence on plants. The stress factors in my PlantArea are: a) water, because the tissues of the species, are below the amount of water in the state of greater hydration; b) High radiation, high temperature and minerals. Thus, there is a plant's ability to cope with an unfavorable environment in which it becomes genetically resistant, acquired by selection process, and has an increased tolerance as a consequence of pre-stress exposure. All these factors influence the growth of the plants in this region and sometimes some extinguish themselves.

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He was an important man of science in his time, especially in areas such as geography, geology, biology and others. His contribution in these areas was of extreme importance: he was the founder of the methods of observation of almost all sectors of physical geography and geophysics; generalized the use of the barometer to determine the altitudes of the geographic sections and the average altitude calculations to characterize the relief; traced the first map of isotherms and showed the contrast between the eastern coasts and the western coasts of the continents; founded botanical geography based on the physiognomy of plants and their relationship with soil and climate; formulated and applied the two essential principles that made geography an original science.
His major work "Kosmos" was published in five volumes between 1845 and 1862, was an influential treatise on science and nature.
Humboldt was very attentive in his observations and records, covering information related to temperature, atmospheric, soil, pressure, winds, tides, magnetic variations, nature of the rocks , fauna and flora, etc.
It demonstrates that there can be no knowledge without verifiable experimentation.
It also aimed to communicate the intellectual excitement and practical need of scientific research, having been appreciated by scholars.

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Who is Alexander von Humboldt? - George Mehler

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My favorite plant medicinal in my PlantArea: Madressilva-caprina (Lonicera etrusca)

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My favorite plant medicinal in my PlantArea: Madressilva-caprina (Lonicera etrusca)

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Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clado: angiosperms
Clado: eudicotiledóneas
Order: Dipsacales
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Genre: Lonicera
Species: | L. etrusca
Binomial name
Lonicera etrusca

Climbing shrub (1 to 3 m high), with flexible stems branching from the base; whole, semi-coriaceous, sessile, but attached (at the base) leaves close to the inflorescence. This is capituliforme gathering 5 to 20 tubular and bilabiada flowers, at first, of pink-purple color, later yellow-whitish. Unlike the inflorescence of L. implexa, with which it resembles, that of L.etrusca is pedunculate, a useful feature to distinguish the two species.
Family: Caprifoliaceae.
Distribution: Mediterranean Region, Southwest Asia and Macaronesia. It is frequently cultivated as an ornamental plant.
Habitat: Hedges, edges and clearings of forests, in Mediterranean or submediterranean environments. Indifferent to the nature of the substrate.
Flowering: from March to July.

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http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/platform/knowledge_base/143_atlantic_region_en.htm

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/platform/knowledge_base/135_mediterranean_region_en.htm
http://cbv.fc.ul.pt/PAM/pdfsLivro/ACristinaFigueiredo.pdf

https://dspace.uevora.pt/rdpc/bitstream/10174/16810/1/ABSTRACT - ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt

http://floresdoareal.blogspot.com/2015/03/senecio-vulgaris-l.html

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http://www.ccdr-lvt.pt/pt/arrabida-espichel-matas-de-sesimbra-lagoa-de-albufeira/10014.htm

https://pt.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silybum_marianum

https://quintessentia.weebly.com/plantas-medicinais/cardo-mariano-silybum-marianum

https://pt.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malva

https://pracadobocage.wordpress.com/2012/03/03/parque-natural-da-arrabida-a-flora/

http://floradaserradaarrabida.blogspot.com/2018/02/rosmaninho-lavandula-stoechas-subsp.html?m=1

https://www.wilder.pt/seja-um-naturalista/conheca-as-cinco-especies-de-lavandulas-de-portugal/

https://algarsementes.blogs.sapo.pt/cardo-mariano-silybum-marianum-sementes-4085

https://quintessentia.weebly.com/uploads/1/1/5/0/115080385/vol86_fsup2__082-088.pdf

https://pt.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavandula_stoechas

http://floradaserradaarrabida.blogspot.com/2018/02/rosmaninho-lavandula-stoechas-subsp.html?m=1

http://www.iniav.pt/fotos/editor2/icnf_spp_indigenas_v3.pdf

http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/turnatur/visit-ap/pp/ppafcc/pr-azul-mnmed

https://pt.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistus_ladanifer

https://jb.utad.pt/especie/Silybum_marianum

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My region is about 158 100 ha and is included in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. It's part 9
municipalities, corresponding to the counties of Alcochete, Almada, Barreiro, Moita, Montijo,
Palmela, Seixal, Sesimbra and Setúbal.
In this region we have the estuary of the
Tagus river, the Arrábida Mountain range and the upstream fossil of the Costa da Caparica. We have a very varied flora.

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My favorite plant medicinal in my PlantArea: Alecrim (Rosmarninus officinali)

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My favorite plant medicinal in my PlantArea: Alecrim (Rosmarninus officinali)

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Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Rosmarinus
Species: R. officinalis
Binomial name
Rosmarinus officinalis
NAME VULGAR: Alecrim da Terra.
HABITAT: Arbusto vivaz off tube mediterranean Coast. Itália os spontaneous in charnecas, matagais am e pines off tube continent, being subespontaneous and cultivated in teu North.
Parts used: Florid air parts and essential oil thereof.
Cultivation: Perene plant, only with light, well drawn and calcary. Ideal with direct, cutting-resistant light, can be sought in exposed to cold and wind.
From an early age it was recognized for its medicinal virtues and very popular in the Mediterranean for aromatic use.
Much used by the Romans who designated it as rosmarinus which in Latin means sea dew, which may derive from its preferred habitat, grow near the sea.
Benefits of rosemary for health:  Helps in memory / exhaustion, migraines, stimulant of blood circulation, is anti-inflammatory, stomach proprieties, stimulates gastric secretions, normalizes the slight digestive disturbances like flatulence.
The use of rosemary also covers diverse preparations such as tinctures, perfumery, preserves, spirits, cosmetics for creams and aromatherapy.
Curiosity:
Its flower is very appreciated by the bees thus producing a honey of extreme quality. There are those who plant rosemary near apiaries, to influence the taste of honey.

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Some flora in Sesimbra.

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https://flora-on.pt/?q=80

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My favorite plant  in my PlantArea: Rosmaninho (Lavandula stoechas)

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My favorite plant  in my PlantArea: Rosmaninho (Lavandula stoechas)

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Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genre: Lavandula
Species: L. stoechas
Binomial name Lavandula stoechas
Lavandula stoechas, also called the little man, is a typical plant in the Mediterranean region.
The rosemary has a lavender-like scent and was traditionally used to cover the ground during processions and as fuel in the fires of the popular saints.

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 3)Rich plant in my Area:  Estevas (Cistus ladanifer)

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 3)Rich plant in my Area:  Estevas (Cistus ladanifer)

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Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malvales
Family: Cistaceae
Genre: Cistus
Species: C. ladanifer
Binomial name
Cistus ladanifer

Their common names are esteva, xara, esva-de-flor-all-branca, lava-of-lahdano, ....
It is native to the western part of the Mediterranean region, growing spontaneously from the south of France to Portugal and northwest Africa.
It is a shrub that reaches 1-2.5 m in height and wide. The leaves are persistent. The flowers are 5-8 cm in diameter, with 5 fine white petals, usually with a red to brown dot at the base of each, surrounding the yellow stamens and pistils.
The leaves release an aromatic resin, the labdanum, used in perfumes, especially as a fixative and also to protect the plant against dissection.

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The health benefits are: it helps to soothe inflammation, treat the liver, reduce cholesterol levels, improve digestion and detoxify the body, help regulate blood sugar levels and prevent chronic diseases . Thus, drinking this tea is particularly effective for people suffering from diabetes, indigestion, arthritis, anxiety, obesity and cirrhosis.

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1)My favorite plant medicinal in my PlantArea: Cardo mariano (Silybum marianum)

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1)My favorite plant medicinal in my PlantArea: Cardo mariano (Silybum marianum)

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Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clado: angiosperms
Clado: eudicotiledóneas
Order: Asterales
Family: Composed
Genre: Silybum
Species: S. marianum
Binomial name Silybum marianum

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2) My favorite plant   in my PlantArea:  Malva (Malva sylvestris)

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2) My favorite plant   in my PlantArea:  Malva (Malva sylvestris)

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Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Genre: Malva
Species: M. sylvestris
Binomial name: Malva sylvestris