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A full-frame digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR) is one with an image sensor format which is the same size as 35 mm format (36 mm × 24 mm) film.

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Advanced Photo System type-C (APS-C) is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C ("Classic") format

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crop factor, format factor or focal length multiplier of an image sensor format is the ratio of the dimensions of a camera's imaging area compared to a reference format

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a lens of fixed focal length.

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a mechanical assembly of lens elements for which the focal length (and thus angle of view) can be varied, as opposed to a fixed focal length (FFL) lens (see prime lens)

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Photoshop CS6. You create and manipulate your documents and files using various elements, such as panels, bars, and windows. Any arrangement of these elements is called a workspace.

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A toolbar is a set of icons or buttons that are part of a software program's interface or an open window.

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Palettes [shown right] are groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image.Photoshop contains over two dozen palettes that can be shown or hidden by using the Window menu and selecting the palette you wish to reveal.

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A menu bar is a user interface element that contains selectable commands and options for a specific program. In Windows, menu bars are typically located at the top of open windows

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BelowPhotoshop's menu bar is the tool options bar. TheOptions Bar is where you would go to adjust settings for the currently active tool.

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Colorfulness, chroma and saturation are attributes of perceived color relating to chromatic intensity.

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color balance is the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors. An important goal of this adjustment is to render specific colors – particularly neutral colors – correctly.

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The move tool allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys.

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click with the Zoom tool to zoom out. In either case, the zoom centers on the point you click.

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he Hand tool is more of a function than an actual tool because you rarely need to click the Hand tool to use it. Simply hold down the spacebar while using any other tool, and the cursor changes into the Hand icon, enabling you to move the image around in its window by dragging.

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Crop tool to crop and straighten photos in Photoshop.

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the ratio of the width to the height of an image or screen.

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Straighten in the control bar and then using theStraighten tool, draw a reference line to straighten the photo.

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The Paint Bucket tool fills an area, that is similar in color value to the pixels you click.

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brush tool is an element of the painting tool that allows you to select a brush shape (square, circle, oval and so on) and also the the thickness in pixels you want to paint on your image with.

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The Lasso tool is useful for drawing freeform segments of a selection border. Select the Lasso tool , and set feathering and anti-aliasing in the options bar.

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one of the oldest selection tools in Photoshop. Unlike other selection tools that select pixels in an image based on shapes or by detecting object edges, the Magic Wand selects pixels based on tone and color.

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a bit like a cross between the Rectangular Marquee Tool and the standard Lasso Tool, both of which we looked at in previous tutorials. It allows us to easily draw freeform selection outlines based on straight-sided polygonal shapes.

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quickly “paint” a selection using an adjustable round brush tip. As you drag, the selection expands outward and automatically finds and follows defined edges in the image.

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Marquee tool is the most basic of selection tools and often the one most useful. This tool is used to draw selections based on geometric shapes.

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default healing tool in Photoshop and can be used to clone areas from an image and blend the pixels from the sampled area seamlessly with the target area.

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The Healing Brush tool allows you to fix image imperfections such as scratches, blemishes, etc. By sampling the surrounding area or using a predefined pattern you can blend the imperfections into the rest of the image.

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It is similar to the Healing Brush Tool, in that it matches the texture, lighting and shading of the sampled pixels to the source area. But, the Patch Tool uses selection-defined areas instead of a brush.

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Photoshop's clone stamp tool allows you to duplicate part of an image. The process involves setting a sampling point in the image which will be used as a reference to create a new cloned area.

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The move tool allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys.

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Dodge tool and the Burn tool lighten or darken areas of the image. These tools are based on a traditional darkroom technique for regulating exposure on specific areas of a print.

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Burn tool lighten or darken areas of the image.

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The sponge tool is an amazing but not a well known tool that is incredibly useful. It allows you to chose a brush to desaturate or saturate a certain area on a picture.

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used to paint a blur effect. Each stroke made using the Blur Tool will lower the contrast between affected pixels, making them appear blurred.

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enhances the definition of edges in an image. Whether your images come from a digital camera or a scanner, most images can benefit from sharpening.

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When you select the Smudge Tool in Photoshop Elements and click and drag it in an image, it produces an effect similar to the effect of dragging your finger through wet paint.

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Spot Healing Brush Tool and go down to the bottom of the menu to select the red-eye Tool. This Tool works best when set to a 50% pupil Size and a 50% Darken amount. Click and drag around the eye, and let go.

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Gradients can also be applied as fill layers in Photoshop. Go to the Layers panel, click on the Adjustment Layer button and select Gradient... This will add a gradient that fills the whole layer and has an empty layer mask.

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Layer masks are a fundamental tool in image manipulations. They allow you to selectively modify the opacity (transparency) of the layer they belong to.

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a group of a super useful, non-destructive image editing tools that add color and tonal adjustments to your image without permanently changing its pixels.

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A macro lens is a camera lens designed for photographing small subjects at very close distances.

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A fisheye lens is an ultra wide-angle lens that produces strong visual distortion intended to create a wide panoramic or hemispherical image.

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High-dynamic-range imaging is a high dynamic range technique used in imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with standard digital imaging or photographic techniques.

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a reduction of an image's brightness or saturation toward the periphery compared to the image center.

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The Horizontal Type Tool creates and edits vector-based text in a separate layer. In the Toolbox, select the Horizontal Type Tool.

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All cameras and light meters are calibrated to the 18% Grey cards. They are the universal way to measure exposure in all cameras, film, motion picture, digital, video and your cell phone camera too. 18% Grey cards are used for setting your exposure in photography.

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Spot metering is where the camera determines a proper exposure not on the average brightness levels of the whole frame, but just of one specific spot.

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Partial metering is one of four modes found mostly on Canon cameras to help measure a subject's brightness.

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Matrix Metering or Evaluative Metering mode is the default metering mode on most DSLRs. It works similarly to the above example by dividing the entire frame into multiple “zones”, which are then all analyzed on individual basis for light and dark tones.

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a mode of automatic light metering in a camera that compensates for differences in the brightness of the central and peripheral portions of the image.