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Polymerase chain reaction - Making copies of a gene using the originals as a template.

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Combining genetic material (DNA) from different sources using lab machines or enzymes.

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Separate DNA into pieces. Used to separate DNA based on size. Gel electrophoresis plates have a charge, negative charge where the DNA starts and a positive charge on the opposite end of the plate. Smaller pieces of DNA will move faster through the gel.  All DNA is negatively charged.

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DNA molecules are cut by restriction enzymes at specific nucleotide.

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Reproducing in a small gene pool. Limited variety can develop a prevalence of genetic disorders.

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Only organisms/animals with desired traits can reproduce. Selective breeding produces desired traits in offspring.

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A detection: high frequency sound waves bounce off the fetus and form an image (indicates physical abnormalities).

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A detection - the fetus is attached to the mother at the chorion (same cell as fetus). The cells can be analyzed for genetic disorders earlier than amniocentesis (before 15 weeks).

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A detection - a sample of amniotic fluid is taken from the uterus (needle injection). These cells are analyzed for genetic disorders (between 14-20 weeks).

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A chromosomal disorder, XO in the 23rd chromosome. A female appearance with a short stature, underdeveloped ovaries, sterility, low intelligence, low estrogen. Often very rare because of the high death rate of the XO embryos.

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A chromosomal disorder, XXX. Physically normal female that can produce healthy offspring. The disorder often results in mental disabilities.

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A chromosomal disorder, that adds an extra X chromosome. XXY giving an individual a male appearance - normal male appearance with underdeveloped testes. (Often taller than average)

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A chromosomal disorder: a third 21st chromosome; an extra chromosome. The extra chromosome causes physical abnormalities, and mental disabilities. (Common in babies from women over 40)

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A sex-linked recessive disorder that restricts the ability to recognize one color from another.

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A sex-linked recessive disorder. Muscle tissue breaks down - resulting in small muscles.

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A sex-linked recessive disorder. Blood is unable to clot due to a lack of blood clotting protein. Girls often don't have this disorder, but are carriers.

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An autosomal genetic recessive disorder. Red blood cells have an abnormal, sickle shape. These sickle shaped blood cells then get stuck or block small blood vessels.  This disorder prevents malaria.

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An autosomal genetic recessive disorder. A problem producing digestive enzymes and lungs produce a thick mucus.

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An autosomal genetic dominant disorder. A progressive breakdown of brain cells causing death. The symptoms won't appear until after 30 years of age.

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An autosomal genetic recessive disorder that is very rare. Lacks an enzyme used to break down lipids in the brain - resulting in mental disabilities.

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An autosomal genetic recessive disorder. The enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine (artificial sweeteners) is missing. The phenylalanine decomposes into brain damaging compounds causes mental disabilities.

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An autosome is any of the numbered chromosomes, as opposed to the sex chromosomes. (chromosome 21 vs the X chromosome) DNA that is inherited through autosomal chromosomes.

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Genes that are placed on the X and Y chromosomes.

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Relating to heritable characteristics from genes that are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents.

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The first allele on either the sex or autosomal chromosomes is dominant.

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Diagrams that indicate autosomal or sex-linked and recessive or dominant disorders. Geneticists use pedigrees to determine whether someone is a carrier for a disorder.