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Which recommended action do you think is most feasible in your life?
1. Having one fewer child
2. Living car-free
3.Avoiding airplane travel
4. Eating a plant-based diet

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I know some recommended actions are hard to adopt. For example, "having one fewer child", "eat a plant-based diet". It is people's freedom to have as many babies as they want. And it's probably the reason why these actions are not emphasized in the textbooks or government documents. Besides, the data presented in the paper has limitations and uncertainty according to Wynes  -"It is important to acknowledge the limitations and uncertainty of the data that we have presented. We provide mean values for our recommended actions, but we do not suggest that these are firm figures universally representative of each action, but instead best estimates." (Wynes, 2017, p.7)

I still enjoy it a lot reading it and believe it provides me with some good ideas. This paper not only listed the recommended high-impact individual actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also related to education.
I always believe that education is the same important as the aforementioned actions. Because the good education develops a sense of sustainability in children’s minds and encourages the next generation to devote to the long-term plan to achieve sustainability. It is important to lead students to higher efficient ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as the current environmental problems are worsening.

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Whether governments and educators are emphasizing high-impact actions?

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Whether governments and educators are emphasizing high-impact actions?

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"The results show that education and government documents do not focus on high-impact actions for reducing emissions, creating a mitigation gap between official recommendations and individuals willing to align their behaviour with climate targets. Focusing on highimpact actions (through providing accurate guidance and information, especially to ‘catalytic’ individuals such as adolescents) could be an important dimension of scaling bottom-up action to the transformative decarbonisation implied by the 2 °C climate target, and starting to close this gap."(Wynes, 2017, p.7)

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How the recommend indiviual actions works to reduce the greenhouse gas emission?

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How the recommend indiviual actions works to reduce the greenhouse gas emission?

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"It is estimated that an individual who eats meat and takes one roundtrip, transatlantic flight per year emits 2.4 tCO2e through these actions, exhausting their personal carbon budget, without accounting for any other emissions. It would help meet climate goals if such an individual chose to shift her or his behavior, as technological advances may be unable to sufficiently reduce emissions from these two actions even by 2050 (Girod et al 2013).

These results also highlight the greater reductions available from moving away from a polluting technology (living car-free, 2.4 tCO2e per year lower than the baseline of a gasoline automobile) compared with using the cleanest available technology (electric cars, which still emit 1.15tCO2e per year on average) or incremental technological improvements (increase vehicle fuel economy by buying a more efficient gasoline car, 1.19 tCO2e saved per year). Though electric cars may replace internal combustion vehicles and shrink the carbon footprint of the automobile, the car-based transport model itself still allows for low-density rural housing developments (Muller 2004), which are associated with twice the emissions per capita of high-density housing (Norman et al 2006) as well as greater consumption and energy use (Ala-Mantila et al 2014, Shammin et al 2010).

A car-free lifestyle reduces traffic congestion and petroleum dependence (Mashayekh et al 2012) and avoids the environmental toxicity issues surrounding electric vehicle production (Hawkins et al 2013), making it advantageous even in an era of low-emission vehicles. Lastly, until the emissions associated with desired services are reduced to zero, the population will continue to be a multiplier of emissions (Waggoner and Ausubel 2002)." (Wynes, 2017, p.4)

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"To analyze broad societal mitigation recommendations, three developed regions with high percapita emissions and government documents available in English was chosen: Australia (average per-capita emissions of 16.3 tCO2 per year), Canada (13.5 tCO2 per year), and the United States (16.4 tCO2 per year), as well as a lower-emission case, the European Union (6.7 tCO2 per year) (World Bank 2016). Wynes and Kimberly identified the most authoritative and relevant set of recommendations from that region indicating how their citizens can help mitigate climate change, contacting government representatives for clarification where multiple possible documents were found. The frequency of individual recommendations was recorded using the same methods as described in the analysis of science textbooks." (Wynes, 2017, p.3)

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"Textbooks are a useful indicator of the content that students are receiving in classrooms; they are based on government-mandated curriculum documents and serve as a resource for both students and teachers. Ten textbooks used in seven of Canada’s ten provinces were therefore analyzed.  The provinces covered by our analysis represent more than 80% of Canada’s student population (we were unable to obtain the textbooks used by the provinces of Alberta, Manitoba, and Nova Scotia). Only the textbook chapters directly addressing climate change were analyzed. Statements from the textbooks were identified as suggested actions when they included direct recommendations (e.g. ‘eat less meat’), or were directed at the reader using pronouns such as ‘you’ or ‘we’. Statements using ‘individuals’ and ‘consumers’ often explained sources of emissions without suggesting how to reduce those emissions, and were therefore not counted. Due to the large number of unique recommendations found in textbooks, we grouped similar specific recommendations into various categories." (Wynes, 2017)

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For calculations, all actions were framed in such a way that they would take the maximum possible effect.
"To identify the high-impact actions, Seth Wynes and Kimberly analyzed the literature to compile a candidate list of actions for emissions analysis. To choose data sources, Seth Wynes and Kimberly first used peer-reviewed literature with a life-cycle approach where available (to analyze the impact of diet and personal vehicles), followed by government reports, grey literature or carbon calculators (green energy, aviation).
Since the unit of analysis was the individual, Seth Wynes and Kimberly wanted country-specific data to inform the most relevant individual choices possible. Therefore, household and vehicular actions were divided by the average household or vehicle occupancy of the country where the study was performed to yield results measured in tonnes of CO2-equivalent per year (tCO2e per year) per individual. The types of greenhouse gases included in these calculations varied with the methodologies of the different studies or sources." (Wynes, 2017)

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IN the 2015 Paris Agreement, 195 nations have agreed to limit the global average temperature increment to 2 °C.

"However, national policy and major energy transformations usually need decades to make substantial change. As a result, Seth Wynes and Kimberly reveal that the shift of individual actions can contribute to the goals rapidly and widespread. Meanwhile, adolescents poised to establish lifelong patterns are an important target group for promoting high-impact actions. Seth Wynes and Kimberly investigate lifestyle choices and compare their findings with recommendations from high school science textbooks and government documents to find out the unrecognized most effective actions for reducing energy consumption. The results showed that there are opportunities to improve existing educational and communication structures to promote the most effective emission-reduction strategies and close this mitigation gap." (Wynes, 2017)

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Result:  0.8 tCO2e saved per year

"For calculations, all actions were framed in such a way that they would take the maximum possible effect. For instance, recycling is framed as recycling comprehensively for a year, a plant-based diet is framed as avoiding all meat" (Wynes, 2017)

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Result: 1.6 tCO2e saved per roundtrip transatlantic flight

"Some carbon calculators made use of a radiative forcing index, which accounts for the additional warming effects of gases other than CO2 produced during air travel. Though this results in higher estimates than if the index had not been used, the life cycle studies which we also included for aviation (and which did not use radiative forcing) provided similar final values." (Wynes, 2017)

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Result: 2.4 tCO2e greenhouse gas emissions saved per year

"The emissions saved from living car-free may be lower than we calculated if public transit replaces car travel instead of biking or walking (living car-free represents all the emissions associated with the life cycle of owning a car in our methodology). But even if the number of kilometers traveled remains constant, a switch from driving a sedan to taking public transit has been shown to reduce emissions by 26%–76% (Chester et al 2013). Since data that included rebound effects were only available for some actions, we excluded rebound effects to maintain comparability between actions."(Wynes, 2017)

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Result: An average for developed countries of 58.6 tonnes CO2-equivalent (tCO2e) emission reductions per year

Seth Wynes relied on "a study that quantified future emissions of descendants based on historical rates, based on heredity. In this approach, half of a child’s emissions are assigned to each parent, as well as one-quarter of that child’s offspring (the grandchildren) and so forth. This is consistent with our use of research employing the fullest possible life cycle approach in order to capture the magnitude of emissions decisions." (Wynes, 2017).

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Seth Wynes points out that one of the causes of climate change is greenhouse gas emission, which is led by billions of people's decisions in their life. Thereby, they listed four actions to systemic change and substantially reduce annual personal emissions in developed countries.

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The climate mitigation gap: education and government recommendations miss the most effective individual actions

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The climate mitigation gap: education and government recommendations miss the most effective individual actions

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Written by Seth Wynes and Kimberly A nicholas.
Retrieved from: https://sci-hub.se/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7541