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Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by yeasts from the genus Candida, most commonly Candida albicans. It can affect various parts of the body, including the mouth (oral thrush), genitals (vaginal yeast infection), skin, and bloodstream (invasive candidiasis). Symptoms vary depending on the area affected but can include itching, redness, and discomfort. Risk factors include weakened immune systems, antibiotic use, diabetes, and hormonal changes. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications.

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ANTHRAX GROUP (8)

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Green and Yellow Doodle Fun facts about Animals and Nature Infographic

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Infectious diseases of cattle (Leptospirosis) - Group 3

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Colorful Illustrated Science Information Poster

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INFECTIOUS RABIES DISEASE OF CATTLE                ( GROUP 5)

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Group 5 - Animal Health and Zoonotic Disease (Rabies)

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Yellow Illustrative Cat Care Tips Poster A3

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Anthrax Group 8

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Nairobi Sheep Disease

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COCCIDIOSIS

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Colorful Illsutration World Animal Day Poster-1

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Yellow and Beige Pastel Modern Simple Retro Small Acts to Save Our Earth Infographic Poster

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PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT. Group 6

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GROUP 12
Disease name : Pulmonary neoplasia (Horse)

Causative agent -

Environmental factors: Prolonged exposure to certain environmental pollutants, such as dust, mold, and certain chemicals, has been proposed as a possible risk factor. Horses kept in environments with poor air quality or exposed to industrial pollutants may have an increased risk.

Genetic predisposition: Certain breeds or bloodlines may be more prone to developing lung tumors, although specific genetic markers have not been identified.

Where it occured -Pulmonary neoplasia, also known as lung cancer, can occur in horses. It is relatively rare in equines compared to other species. That disease it typically manifests as a solitary mass or multiple nodules in the lungs. The tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tumors are more concerning as they have the potential to spread to other parts of the body.

Symptoms -

1.) Difficulty breathing: Horses with pulmonary neoplasia may experience shortness of breath, increased respiratory rate, or labored breathing. They may exhibit rapid shallow breathing or an increased effort to breathe.

2.)Exercise intolerance: Affected horses may exhibit a decreased tolerance for exercise. They may become easily fatigued or show a reduced performance level during physical activities.

3.) Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss can occur in horses with pulmonary neoplasia. Tumors can cause a decrease in appetite and difficulty with digestion, leading to gradual weight loss over time.

Treatment/prevention -
1.) Surgical removal may be attempted for localized tumors, but lung surgery in horses is challenging due to delicate lungs and potential complications. It is reserved for select cases.

2.) Chemotherapy : Chemotherapy is considered for malignant tumors with potential spread, but its efficacy in equine oncology is limited. It can slow tumor growth, reduce size, or alleviate symptoms, but the response to chemotherapy in horses can be variable.

3.)Palliative Care: Palliative care addresses advanced tumors and inability to treat curative treatment, focusing on managing symptoms and improving a horse's quality of life through pain management, respiratory support, and supportive therapies.

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GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITISM (GROUP 10)

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Livestock Animal Disease (Eye Worm)

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Infectious diseases of cattle (foot and mouth diseases)

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GROUP MEMBERS : THARSHINI THINAGARAN, VAISHNEVI SUBRAMANIAM, THARSHINI ALAGUDURAI, WAN ASMA HANIE

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CAUSATIVE AGENT - influenza A virus, especially the predominantly pig-infecting variants H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2, which can also infect humans.

PLACE OF OCCUR - was discovered for the first time in Mexico and the US. It swiftly spread to other nations and became into a worldwide issue. It's crucial to remember that swine influenza can appear everywhere in the world and is not just confined to one area.

SYMPTOMS -

Fever

Cough

Sore throat

Body aches

Headache

Chills

Fatigue

TREATMENTS/PREVENTIONS -
1) Vaccination : Immunisation against influenza viruses is a crucial prophylactic step. To be informed about public health recommendations for influenza vaccinations, though, is advised.

2) Hygiene practices : Good cleanliness habits can help lower the chance of contracting the swine flu. This entails routine handwashing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds or, in the absence of soap, the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Avoid touching your face, especially the areas around your mouth, nose, and eyes, as doing so can encourage the virus to enter your body.

3) Avoid close contact: Keep distance from pigs, especially if they are acting sick. Avoid close contact with people who appear to be sick as well, as swine influenza can occasionally spread from pigs to humans.

REFERENCES -
Swine Influenza - Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis - MedBroadcast.com. (n.d.). Swine Influenza - Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis - MedBroadcast.Com. https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/swine-influenza

H1N1 flu (swine flu) - Symptoms and causes. (2023, March 23). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swine-flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20378103

Mena, I., Nelson, M. I., Quezada-Monroy, F., Dutta, J., Cortes-Fernández, R., Lara-Puente, J. H., Castro-Peralta, F., Cunha, L. F., Trovão, N. S., Lozano-Dubernard, B., Rambaut, A., Bakel, H. van & García-Sastre, A. (2016, June 28). Origins of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic in swine in Mexico. PubMed Central (PMC). https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16777

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GROUP 13

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References

1. Colorado State University Extension. (2016, March 28). Pregnancy Toxemia (Ketosis) in Ewes and Does - 1.630 - Extension. Extension. https://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/agriculture/pregnancy-toxemia-ketosis-in-ewes-and-does-1-630/

2. Fthenakis, G. (2023, June 13). Pregnancy toxemia in sheep and goats - metabolic disorders. MSD Veterinary Manual. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/metabolic-disorders/hepatic-lipidosis/pregnancy-toxemia-in-sheep-and-goats

3. Ji, X., Liu, N., Wang, X., Ding, K., Huang, S., & Zhang, C. (2023). Pregnancy Toxemia in Ewes: A Review of Molecular Metabolic Mechanisms and Management Strategies. Metabolites, 13(2), 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13020149

4. Pregnancy toxaemia and hypocalcaemia of ewes. Agriculture and Food. (n.d.). https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/livestock-biosecurity/pregnancy-toxaemia-and-hypocalcaemia-ewes#:~:text=What%20is%20pregnancy%20toxaemia%20(twin,kidney%20failure%20and%20potentially%20death.

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REFERENCE
1. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swine-flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20378103
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swine_influenza#Pandemics
3. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/swineflu/index.htm
4. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1807048-overview
5. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/swine-influenza/facts/swine-influenza-humans

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Group 9

A. Disease name:
• Campylobacteriosis

B. Causative agent:
• Bacteria of the genus Campylobacter.
• These bacteria live in the intestines of healthy birds, and raw poultry meat.

C.Where it occured?
- United States

D.Symptoms?
• Diarrhea
• abdominal pain and cramps
• vomiting
• fever
-Symptoms usually begin within 2 to 5 days after exposure to the organism.

E. Treatement/ Prevention
- Cook all poultry products thoroughly
- Separate raw meats, poultry, and seafood from vegetables and cooked foods.

F. Refferences
-
Department of Health(2009). Campylobacteriosis Fact Sheet. https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/campylobacteriosis/campy.html.

-
Department of Health(2009). Causes and Symptoms of Campylobacteriosis. https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/campylobacteriosis/basics.html#:~:text=Campylobacteriosis%20is%20an%20infection%20caused,commonly%20has%20Campylobacter%20on%20it.

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Universiti Malaysia Kelantan - Kampus Jeli, Jeli, Kelantan

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Universiti Malaysia Kelantan - Kampus Jeli, Jeli, Kelantan

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Universiti Malaysia Kelantan - Kampus Jeli, Jeli, Kelantan

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Animal Health and Zoonotic Diseases: African swine fever (ASF) _ [Group 17]_HANUM, NADIA, HUDA, SONIA

Figure 1: shows pigs that have died because of African swine fever (ASF). Image resource by Professional Pig Community, 2020.

1. Disease name

African swine fever (ASF)

1. Causative agent

The causative agent of ASF is a unique, enveloped, cytoplasmic, double stranded DNA     which is the sole member of the family Asfarviridae.

1. Where it occurred?

The first ASF fever was recorded in China. Then the disease has spreader multiple to Europe, African, the Caribbean and Asian countries. The countries involved are Timor-Leste, Mongolia, Vietnam, Cambodia, democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Myanmar, Philippines, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Republic of Korea, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, India, Bhutan, Malaysia, and Thailand.

1. Symptoms

-high Fever

-weak and poor appetite

-Red bruises on the skin or patches

-Diarrhea, vomiting

-cough

-Hard to breath

1. Treatments/preventions?

-No treatment or vaccine is available for this disease. The only way to stop the disease is to reduce the population of all groups of pigs affected or exposed to the disease.

-However, there are some actions that can be taken to prevent this febrile disease from spreading by doing in such a way. monitor pigs daily and immediately report any suspicious cases to a veterinarian. Next, avoid contact with wild pigs through safe farm boundaries or pig pens. isolate new pigs for at least 30 days and observe clinical signs. cleaning and disinfecting equipment, and materials with approved products.

Reference

Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations. (2022, March 31) ASF situation in Asia & Pacific update. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/ag/AGAInfo/programmes/en/empres/ASF/situation_update.html

National Hog Farmer. (2019, March 21) African swine fever: do you know the sign and symptoms? Retrieved from African swine fever: Do you know the signs and symptoms? | National Hog Farmer

Professional Pig Community. (2020, July 28). What are the main challenges in eradicating ASF? Retrieved from https://www.pig333.com/latest_swine_news/what-are-the-main-challenges-in-eradicating-asf_16438/

World Organization For Animal Health. 2021. African swine fever:Prevention is essential. Retrieved from African swine fever - OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health

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GROUP 13
BRUCELLOSIS

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GROUP 12

a. Disease Name
Septicaemic Pasteurellosis

b. Causative agent
Pasteurellosis is a zoonotic disease. It is caused by infection with bacteria of the Pasteurella genus. Pasteurella multocida is the most commonly reported organism in this group, and is well known as both a common commensal (part of the normal bacterial flora) and pathogen in a variety of animal species.

c. Where it occured?
Canada

d. Symptoms
1.  Diagnosis of pneumonic and septicemic forms of pasteurellosis is based on necropsy examination, gross and histopathologic findings, and isolation of organisms from a range of tissues.

2.  include subcutaneous hemorrhage; epithelial necrosis of the tongue, pharynx, esophagus, or occasionally the abomasum and intestine; enlargement of tonsils and retropharyngeal lymph nodes; and peracute, multifocal, embolic, necrotizing lesions in the lung and liver.

3.  Clinical signs include severe depression, profuse salivation, edema of the head, neck and brisket, and severe respiratory distress with foamy nasal discharge that leading to death

e. Treatment
Early identification of respiratory disease and introduction of effective antibiotic therapy is necessary. Death losses are high in severely affected animals. Treatment is frequently unrewarding unless begun very early in the disease process because of rapid progression of lung damage and endotoxin release. Parenteral fluids and anti-inflammatory agents are important adjuncts to antibiotic therapy. Administering prophylactic antibiotics to at-risk lambs may be beneficial.

Prevention to control septic pasteurellosis such as prevention of respiratory viruses by using vaccination program is expected to reduce respiratory pasteurellosis. Commercial vaccines are available for cattle but they are specific to M haemolytica A1, and there is little or no protection against M haemolytica A2 experimentally. A commercial vaccine for M haemolytica A2 is available in the UK and has been reported to be beneficial in reducing mortality and weight gain from septicemic and pneumonic forms pasteurellosis. The intranasal recombinant vaccine protects young goats from P multocida, but this vaccine is not commercially available. There is no commercial vaccine in the United States, but manufacturers can get autogenous bacteria for their flocks, however, the evidence that this is effective is anecdotal. With the presence of prophylactic antibiotics, especially tetracycline, in food in the months of the year with the highest incidence is common management practice. Reducing or avoiding stresses such as heat, congestion, exposure to adverse weather, poor ventilation, handling and transportation should also be considered.

f. References
https://www.msdvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/pasteurellosis-of-sheep-and-goats/overview-of-pasteurellosis-of-sheep-and-goats#:~:text=The%20systemic%20form%20of%20pasteurellosis,and%20pass%20into%20the%20blood

https://www.msd-animal-health.ie/species/sheep/pasteurellosis/

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(GROUP 14)

a. Disease Name
Pulmonary neoplasia

b. Causative agent
The disorganized uncontrolled production of epithelial cells found within the lungs.

c. Where it occured? Pin you notes there!
America and around the world

d. Symptoms?
- Having difficulties in breathing
- Lost appetite
- Losing weight
- Coughing and sneezing
- Lethargy

e. Treatments/ preventions?
- Thoracoscopy (medical procedure of examining inside the chest with the help of video assistance to detect the tumor before being remove.)
- Conduct surgery to remove the lymph nodes connected with the lung tissues.
- Chemotherapy after the surgery

f. Don't forget to state your reference!
https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/lung-tumors
https://www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/tests/endoscopy/thoracoscopy.html

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PREGNANCY TOXAEMIA

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PENGURUSAN HAIWAN- pregnancy toxaemia (1)

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GROUP 11
a. Disease Name
gastrointestinal parasitism

b.Causative agent
Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism is a disease caused by  many genera of parasites that inhabit the digestive tract of cattle and sheep, resulting in deformities, anemia, diarrhea, resulting in poor growth, and economic losses in the livestock industry. GI parasitism in cattle and sheep is caused primarily by helminths and protozoa, while Parasitic Gastroenteritis (PGE) is caused by a large number of gastrointestinal nematodes living in the intestines of ruminant hosts (abomasum and intestines).

c.  Where it occured? Pin you noted there
Sri lanka

d. Symptoms?

-If the intestines of animals have this parasite, they will experience stomach pain, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. This will cause the animal to be hydrated and lethargic.

- The formation of gas or bloating. This causes the animal to experience frequent vomiting and can cause the animal to lose nutrients in the body.

- Can cause a rash or itching around the rectum or vulva. Animals will suffer from bacterial infections on the body due to the effects of scratching due to itching and rashes resulting from the parasite

e.Treatment? Prevention?

Using the drug such as:

-Benzimidazoles remain the best remedy for this type of parasitic worm.

-Anthelmintic. They may be used to reduce pasture contamination, particularly at times when seeding of the pasture with parasite eggs is a prerequisite for development of an infective challenge necessary to cause clinical parasitism.

-Avermectin

There are several steps that can be taken to prevent this disease:

-Use deworming medicine wisely.

-Avoid malnutrition (especially for sheep and goat)

-Avoid overcrowding because most gastrointestinal helminthes are transmitted directly from one host to another.

-Don’t feed hay or grain on the ground. Instead, feed from racks or feeders and keep these clean.

f.References

-https://www.msdvetmanual.com/digestive-system/gastrointestinal-parasites-of-ruminants/overview-of-gastrointestinal-parasites-of-ruminants

- https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/intestinal-parasites

-https://www.farmhealthonline.com/disease-management/cattle-diseases/parasitic-gastroenteritis-in-ruminants/

- Nayana Gunathilaka, Dimuthu Niroshana, Deepika Amarasinghe, Lahiru Udayanga, "Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections and Assessment of Deworming Program among Cattle and Buffaloes in Gampaha District, Sri Lanka", BioMed Research International, vol. 2018, Article ID 3048373, 10 pages, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3048373

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Screenshot 2022-04-19 at 12-26-17 Internal Parasites in Sheep and Goats - em9055.pdf

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GROUP 6 F20A0392 FATIMATUZZAHIAH BINTI MOHAMED ARIFF20A0443 MUHAMMAD HAKIMI BIN MAT DESAF20A4089 NIK NUR AZZAH BR NIK AZZUDIN F20A0500 NOR SYAHMILAH BINTI ABDUL KADIR. Disease NameSalmonellosis. It is an infection of the digestive tract caused by the bacterium, Salmonella enterica.B. Causative Agent- Causative Agent : Salmonella- a rod-shaped gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family of Enterobacteriaceae.C. Where it occured- The type that most commonly infects cattle in the Northeast is Salmonella Typhimurium- Salmonellosis is the second most common zoonotic disease in the Europe.- Over 91000 salmonellosis cases are reported each year in Europe. D. Symptoms -Most animals with salmonella show no symptoms of illness at all and usually look healthy. -But somehow, some animal shows sign of diarrhea that may contain of blood or mucus. -Next, the activity level of animal decreased so they seemed more tired than usual.-Other than that, animals lost their appetite and may vomit.-Lastly, they get fever.E. Treatment / Prevention- Antibiotics and supportive care are indicated for animals with systemic or septicemic disease.- In an outbreak of salmonellosis, Infected animals should be identified and either culled or isolated.-Vigorous treatment is required in animals showing signs of systemic disease.-Treated animals must be rechecked several times to confirm they are not carriers.F. References1. Grünberg, W. (2022, March 22). Salmonellosis in animals - digestive system. MSD Veterinary Manual. Retrieved April 19, 2022, from https://www.msdvetmanual.com/digestive-system/salmonellosis/salmonellosis-in-animals#:~:text=Salmonella%2C%20a%20rod%2Dshaped%20gram,with%20serovars%20of%20Salmonella%20entericaSalmonella Infection | Healthy Pets, Healthy People | CDC. (n.d.). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/salmonella.html#:%7E:text=Many%20animals%20with%20Salmonella%20have,vomit%20or%20have%20a%20fever.Center for Veterinary Medicine. (2020, July 28). Get the Facts about Salmonella. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/get-facts-about-salmonella

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GROUP 6 F20A0392 FATIMATUZZAHIAH BINTI MOHAMED ARIFF20A0443 MUHAMMAD HAKIMI BIN MAT DESAF20A4089 NIK NUR AZZAH BR NIK AZZUDIN F20A0500 NOR SYAHMILAH BINTI ABDUL KADIR. Disease NameSalmonellosis. It is an infection of the digestive tract caused by the bacterium, Salmonella enterica.B. Causative Agent- Causative Agent : Salmonella- a rod-shaped gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family of Enterobacteriaceae.C. Where it occured- The type that most commonly infects cattle in the Northeast is Salmonella Typhimurium- Salmonellosis is the second most common zoonotic disease in the Europe.- Over 91000 salmonellosis cases are reported each year in Europe. D. Symptoms -Most animals with salmonella show no symptoms of illness at all and usually look healthy. -But somehow, some animal shows sign of diarrhea that may contain of blood or mucus. -Next, the activity level of animal decreased so they seemed more tired than usual.-Other than that, animals lost their appetite and may vomit.-Lastly, they get fever.E. Treatment / Prevention- Antibiotics and supportive care are indicated for animals with systemic or septicemic disease.- In an outbreak of salmonellosis, Infected animals should be identified and either culled or isolated.-Vigorous treatment is required in animals showing signs of systemic disease.-Treated animals must be rechecked several times to confirm they are not carriers.F. References1. Grünberg, W. (2022, March 22). Salmonellosis in animals - digestive system. MSD Veterinary Manual. Retrieved April 19, 2022, from https://www.msdvetmanual.com/digestive-system/salmonellosis/salmonellosis-in-animals#:~:text=Salmonella%2C%20a%20rod%2Dshaped%20gram,with%20serovars%20of%20Salmonella%20entericaSalmonella Infection | Healthy Pets, Healthy People | CDC. (n.d.). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/salmonella.html#:%7E:text=Many%20animals%20with%20Salmonella%20have,vomit%20or%20have%20a%20fever.Center for Veterinary Medicine. (2020, July 28). Get the Facts about Salmonella. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/get-facts-about-salmonella

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Image from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria.

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Provided by group 10

1. NAME OF THE DISEASE:

FASCIOLOSIS
- Fasciolosis is a parasitic worm infection caused by the common liver flukes of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. The disease is a plant-borne trematode zoonosis and is classified as a neglected tropical disease (NTD). The main hosts of this infection are ruminants such as cattle and sheep, but it also affects humans.

2. WHERE DOES IT OCCUR?

- It is most commonly found in the Andes region, especially in Bolivia and Peru.

3. WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS:
a. Abdominal pain
b. hepatomegaly
c. nausea
d. vomiting
e. intermittent fever
f. urticaria
g. malaise
h. weight loss due to liver damage.

4. TREATMENTS / PREVENTIONS:
-Diagnosis: The diagnosis of Fasciolosis is based on the detection of eggs in feces or F. hepatica-specific antibodies in serum.

-Triclabendazole (TCBZ) is the current drug of choice used for the treatment of F. hepatica infections, because of its high activity against both Juvenile and adult flukes.

-Although anthelmintic treatment is effective against Fasciolosis, this is an expensive and non-sustainable measure. The drug-resistant anthelmintics is the development of a vaccine.

5. REFERENCES:
·        Armour, J. (1973). Fascioliasis. Epidemiology, treatment, and control. In: G.M. Urquhart and J. Armour (Editors), Helminth Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, and Horses in Europe. Robert Mac Lehose and Company Limited, Glasgow, pp: 100-109.
·        Reddington, J. J., Leid, R. W., & Wescott, R. B. (1986). The susceptibility of the goat to Fasciola hepatica infections. Veterinary Parasitology, 19(1-2), 145-150.

https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/trematodes-flukes/fascioliasis

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GROUP 2 EYE WORMS

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Picture was taken from goggle images and edited

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 UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA KELANTAN- KAMPUS ,JELI 

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 UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA KELANTAN- KAMPUS ,JELI 

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By Group 1

a. Disease Name

Coccidiosis also known as an intestinal tract infection caused by a single-celled organism (a protozoa) called coccidia.

b. C ausative agent

The pathogens found in cattle are E zuernii, E bovis and E auburnensis.

The pathogens result from the infective oocysts.

c. Where it occur? Pin your notes there!

It occurs in India especially rural villages where the environment for poultry are packed and unhygienic.

d. Symptoms?

Diarrhea (primary symptoms),

Fever

Inappetence

Weight loss

Emaciation

Death (extreme cases)

e. Treatment/ Preventions

Veterinarians may prescribe a sulfa-type antibiotic called sulfadimethoxine, which is usually given for 5-25 days, in severe infections, and may be necessary to repeat the treatment. Other than that, we also can use amprolium.

Young animals should be kept in a clean and dry environment

Prevent overcrowding

Clean feeders and waterers

Clean and disinfect barn

Giving good nutrition

Reduce stress between animals

Using coccidiostat

References
VCA Hospital, what is coccidiosis?

https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/coccidiosis-in-dogs#:~:text=How%20is%20coccidiosis%20treated%3F,necessary%20to%20repeat%20the%20treatment.

Maryland Small Ruminant
https://www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/coccidiosis2011.html

https://www.slideshare.net/schoenian/preventing-and-treating-coccidiosis

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group 16 (haziq, asyraf, sufia anis, izzati)

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Disease Name
Bot Fly, Mites, Lice infestation, Ticks

b. Causative agent
Parasitic arthropods. Arthropods form a huge assemblage of small coelomate animals with “jointed limbs” (hence the name arthro-pods). They exhibit segmentation of their bodies (metamerism) which is often masked in adults because their 10-25 body segments are combined into 2-3 functional groups (called tagmata). They exhibit varying degrees of cephalization whereby neural elements, sensory receptors and feeding structures are concentrated in the head region.

c. Where it occured? Pin you notes
Central, South America, Florida

d. Symptoms Parasitic Orthopods on Animal

Botfly
Irritation of stomach membranes, ulceration of the stomach, peritonitis, perforated ulcers, colic, mechanical blockage of the stomach resulting in stomach rupture, esophageal paralysis, and squamal cell tumors.

Lice infestation
Anemia, unthriftiness, loss of condition, stunting of growth, uneasiness, loss of hair and even sores, wounds and scabs from rubbing.

Mites
Itch or mange mites are the common parasite that attack the horses. These mites are not usually prevalent in Florida; however, isolated infestations may become a problem. These must be controlled to prevent infestations on other horses in the herd as well as man.

Itch or Mange Mites
Infested animals rub and scratch continuously. Areas of the head, back, or base of the tail become inflamed and scurfy with only scattered hairs remaining. The infestation may spread over the entire body forming large, dry cracked scabs on the thickened skin.

Ticks
Two general groups of ticks attack horses, hard ticks and soft ticks.

The effects of ticks upon the host include inflammation, itching and swelling at the bite site, blood loss, production of wounds that may serve as sites for secondary invasion, obstruction of body openings and paralysis from the injection of toxic fluids. They also transmit many diseases, including anaplasmosis, equine piroplasmosis, and tularemia.

e. Treatments/ preventions
Prevention
-Spraying or dipping with insecticides for first day and continue like after 14 days after to kill the eggs of lice, mites, ticks and
- Acaricide application when present in huge number
-hand sprayer manually with right amount of insecticides
-quarantine newly bought animals with the affected ones
-isolate newly introduced animals and treat them for external parasite before mixing them with other animals
-spray animal houses or pasture fence with acariades
-control  by the animal hygiene
-practise good sanitation all over the place
Treatment
-Acaricides application
-Diazinon 60% or ivermectin injection (200mg/kg)- subcutaneous (underskin)
-for bot fly need to remove the larva.

References
P.P.O.’.D. (2010, July). PARA-SITE. PARA-SITE. https://parasite.org.au/para-site/contents/arthropod-intoduction.html

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By Group 4

a. Disease Name
- Lumpy Skin Disease

b. Causative agent
- a member of the Capripoxvirus genus in the Poxviridae family

c. Where it occurs? Pin your notes there!
- Africa

d. Symptoms?
- Scabs develop in the center of the nodules after which the scabs fall off, leaving large holes that may become infected

- Swelling of the limbs

- brisket and genitals may occur

- Watering eyes

- Increased nasal and salivary secretions.

e. Treatments/ preventions
- There is no treatment for the virus, so prevention by vaccination

References

Lumpy skin disease. Lumpy skin disease - DAWE. (n.d.). Retrieved April 18, 2022, from https://www.awe.gov.au/biosecurity-trade/pests-diseases-weeds/animal/lumpy-skin-disease

Şevik, M., Avci, O., Doğan, M., & İnce, Ö. B. (2016). Serum biochemistry of Lumpy skin disease virus-infected cattle. BioMed research international. Retrieved April 18, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4880690/

# data[].attributes.body
(GROUP 8)
a.BLUE TONGUE
-Known as the sore muzzle, pseudo-foot-and-mouth disease and muzzle disease

b. Causative agent

·       Bluetongue virus (BTV) that belongs to the genus Orbivirus and family of the Reoviridae

·       Transmitted by insects, particularly biting midges of the Culicoides species

c. Where did it occur? Pin your notes there!

·       It occurs in southern Africa that is found chiefly in European breeds of sheep and ruminants.

d. Symptoms

·       Fever (cause wool breaks in sheep)

·       Excessive salivation

·       oral erosions

·       ulcerations

·       swollen & protruding tongue

·       cyanotic tongue ( blue tongue )

·       reproductive failure

·       weakness, depression, weight loss

e. Treatments/ preventions?

·       no specific treatment for acute cases of bluetongue

·       keeping animals warm & dry

·       giving fluids such as antibiotics to prevent secondary infections

·       vector control to reduce transmissions of the virus to non-infected animals

·       Bluetongue-infected animals should be quarantined, and the farm should be closed until a confirmed diagnosis is made.

·       vaccination

f. Reference

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/bluetongue-disease

https://www.oie.int/en/disease/bluetongue/

“Bluetongue - the Latest Info and Updates from the NFU | BTV | Midge.” Bluetongue - the Latest Info and Updates from the NFU | BTV | Midge, www.nfuonline.com, 12 Apr. 2022, https://www.nfuonline.com/updates-and-information/bluetongue-what-you-need-to-know/.

# data[].attributes.body
Hello everyone!

Please share information related to which animal disease that you have been assigned.

You can put pictures, link and notes about the disease.

This is a Group activity. Please include the following information:
a. Disease Name
b. Causative agent
c. Where it occured? Pin you notes there!
d. Symptoms?
e. Treatments/ preventions?
f. Don't forget to state your reference!