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I learned to be way more general than I thought I should be initially.

Question 1: How do hermit crabs choose their shells?

Question 2: How long do crabs wait until they come out from hiding. OR What additional cues do crabs require to come out from hiding.

Question 3: How much force does it take to remove a snail from a rock.
Updated: Will organisms with multiple defensive strategies sacrifice one strategy at the expense of another? (e.g. would a weaker marine snail put more time into finding a harder shell)

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The most important thing I have learned is to not make hypotheses questions so specific and instead be more broad.

Questions:

1.  Old: How many times does a female lion have to engage in sexual intercourse with the same male in order for the male to be certain that some of the offspring may be his and not kill them?
New: Do females have to mate more than once in order for their offspring to be safer around dominant males?

2. Old: How is it male bearded dragons determine that another male bearded dragon may be dominant to them?
New: What characteristics do males look for in order to determine that another male is more dominant to them?

3.  Old: If obtaining food during the day became more difficult due to high predation visibility, would bees adapt to flying during the night?
New: If food resources were scarce, would a species adapt in order to find more food?

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Old: How does the feeding behavior of sea anemones (non-motile marine organisms) change in response to an alternation of the ocean pH?

New: How is ocean acidification affecting the feeding behavior of marine organisms?

Old: How does the competition between hermit crabs change in different environments with or without presence of predators?

New: How are top-down processes affecting competition between marine species?

Old: How is the reproduction of molluscs affected in response to variations of nutrients in the water/ a high abundance of algae?

New: How does the reproductive behavior of marine species change in response to eutrophication?

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1. Do birds in the same area exhibit different foraging strategies?
UPDATED:  How do foraging strategies differ amongst organisms in the same ecosystem when experiencing low food availability?
2. To what extent do small grassland mammals prioritize food over danger?
UPDATED: How do organisms prioritize food and danger?
3. How does the experiencing of a new environment affect marine invertebrate behavior?
UPDATED: How does the abiotic environment affect behavior in organisms?

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1. If food/resources are present, how close will an organism allow an approach from a human (Flight Initiation Distance)?

2. Are there noticeable differences in the fitness between shy or bold organisms? Or, if exposed to a negative stimulus, are certain individuals more likely to become sensitized than others (such as bolder versus less bold individuals)

3. If an organism is faced with an experiment that allowed for insight learning (or alternatively, operant conditioning), how quickly could species learn a certain skill in order to obtain food (does increased learning ability increase fitness)? Or, can species be taught more quickly to avoid negative stimuli or to succeed in attaining a positive reward if performing a certain skill (which scenario will occur more quickly)?

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That the hypothesis should be a bigger picture statement in a way, and then there should be more specific predictions that are testable
Original questions:
1. How does the local sea anemone species Anthopleura elegantissima compete for territory on the rocks of the intertidal zone?
New
→ How does kin recognition affect intraspecific competition for space in the intertidal zone?

2. What is the reaction time of opossums when threatened by a sound of a potential predator? What is the threshold of stress they will endure before they play dead?
New:

→ How does the reaction time to potential predator threat differ between a solitary species and one that lives in groups?

3. Does the crab species Pugettia producta have a preferred kelp species to feed on?
New:

→ How would organisms that rely heavily on camouflage adapt to the heavy die off of kelp that occurs because of warming ocean temperatures?

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literature searches are very important for creating questions. some questions do not have much literature exploring such -- which could be a fun opportunity for new ideas but might also be difficult as you do not have much literature to stud from 

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literature searches are very important for creating questions. some questions do not have much literature exploring such -- which could be a fun opportunity for new ideas but might also be difficult as you do not have much literature to stud from 

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A good research question is open-ended and broad. A good hypothesis is based off of existing knowledge.

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The hypothesis should be broad and not specific to a certain species

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I've learned that questions should be general, and an important first step to formulating hypotheses

Q1) How does living in close proximity to growing urban environments influence the level of intraspecific competition within aggressive, terrestrial species?

Revised: How do decreases in habitat size impact infraspecific competition within aggressive species?

Q2) How have declining rates in biodiversity impacted the successfulness of the anti-predation tactics relating to physical appearances, such as mimicry?

Revised: How does species loss influence the effectiveness of anti-predation tactics?

Q3) How do the reproductive strategies of animals with dominance hierarchies alter when faced with shifting baselines such as habitat destruction?

Revised: How do the reproductive strategies of species with dominance hierarchies alter when food resources are limited?

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Questions should be broad and shouldn't focus on just the study species.

Questions:
1. How does temperature influence optimal foraging behavior?
2. Does resource availability influence the development of aggressive personalities?
3. Does aggressive behavior affect an animal's ability to avoid predation?

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The most important thing I've learned about questions and hypotheses is to first get the big picture and then narrow it down to be more specific to generate predictions.

(OLD) 3 Behavioral Questions:
Q1) How does the behavioral response to light differ in different species of sea anemones?
Q2) What is the evolutionary mechanism behind the endosymbiotic relationship between Anthopleura elegantissima and zooxanthellae?
Q3) What behavioral mechanism do invasive species introduced due to ocean warming express to out-compete native species?

(NEW) 3 Behavioral Questions:
Q1) How does the behavioral response to different wavelengths of light differ in various species of sea anemones?
Q2) What evolutionary mechanism underly endosymbiotic relationships?
Q3) How do behaviors of native species change with the introduction of invasive species due to ocean warming?

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I learned that questions and hypotheses should be more broad and target bigger picture ideas.

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I learned that questions and hypotheses should be more broad and target bigger picture ideas.

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1. How is foraging behavior of shorebirds affected by the tides?

Revised: What are the behavioral effects of the variation of the tides?

2. What is the community structure of the Brandt’s Cormorant and how does an individual’s personality contribute to this structure?

Revised: How does an individual's personality contribute to community structure?

3. What is the ability and extent of bird learning and facial recognition of humans?

Revised: What is the ability and extent of learning and facial recognition of humans?

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I learned that background research is extremely important when formulating your questions!

1. Do rural invasive species habituate faster to urban noise than rural native species?

> >> Does the native status of rural species impact how quickly they habituate to urban noise?

2. Do species in MPAs react quicker to approaching threats (i.e., raising their head, showing signs of alarm) than species in non MPAs?

>>> Does the MPA status of a species determine the timing of their response to perceived threats?

3. Does the pH of the surrounding water impact where shorebirds prefer to forage?

>>> Will ocean acidification impact the foraging habits of species who prey upon species in shallow saltwater?

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Ramal: I learned that a hypothesis should not be testable.

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Ramal: I learned that a hypothesis should not be testable.

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ORIGINAL QUESTIONS:
Question 1: The study Sommer et al (1999) found that in the western Baltic sea, mussels greater than 48 mm in length are safe from predation by the largest sea stars. Do large sea stars selectively avoid trying to eat mussels larger than 48mm in length?

Question 2: Purple sea urchins in the intertidal zone will decorate themselves with shells, rocks and pieces of algae. Are urchins that decorate themselves with debris more protected from desiccation?

Question 3: The study Grosholz, and Ruiz (1995) found that the invasive Green Crab Carcinus maenas selectively predated on Transennella spp. that were larger than 3 mm, instead of smaller than 1 mm. Does this behavior change when smaller clams are more abundant since handling time increases with larger clams?

UPDATED QUESTIONS:
Question 1: Is the size of prey (and handling time to energy obtained ratio) an influence on the foraging behavior of predators.

Question 2: Do invertebrates in the intertidal zone, cover themselves with marine debris to protect themselves from desiccation?

Question 3: Does prey availability change a predators preference for prey size, becouse handling time increases with larger prey.

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I learned that questions and hypotheses shouldn't be specific but instead be more general.

Old:
1. Do invasive species of birds react quicker to the presence of predators, raptors, than local species?

2. Do hermit crabs adapt to using plastic for shelter in the lack of snail shells

3. Do rattlesnake weeds effectively scare off predators from preying on the weed and surrounding plants?

New:
1. How has invasive species adapted in the presence of predators

2. How have marine animals adapted to the presence of plastic waste?

3. What adaptation has herbivores used to eat different varieties of vegetation?

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I learned to be way more general than I thought I should be initially.

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