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Indo-Europeans were a patriarchal society who were warlike people. They migrated through Central Asia and Europe and took their language, Tocharian, with them. As they moved, they split into 6 language groups: Celtic, Germanic, Italic, Greek, Indo-Iranian, Slavic

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Celts arrived in England. They were the first of the Indo-Europeans to spread over Europe settling in France, Belgium, Germany, Spain, and Italy.

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Britain became part of the Roman Empire under Claudius I. Celts resisted, Romans fought hard and posted legions and built forts along the coasts. In 121 CE Romans built Hadrian's Wall. Roads were built along with temples, barracks, amphitheaters and roads.

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Roman Emperor Claudius I responsible for the successful expansion of the Roman Empire into  Britain.  Celtic and Latin languages coexist.

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Romans left Britain, Rome crumbling.
The Angles, Saxons and Jutes invade and Anglo Saxon replaces Celtic.
The land they settled in was 'Angle-land', or England. If we use the modern names for the countries they came from, the Saxons were German-Dutch, the Angles were southern Danish, and the Jutes were northern Danish.

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Mix of Anglo-Saxon and Norse

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England divides into 7 Kingdoms. Northumbria becomes the dominant Christian kingdom that is affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church. *Latin

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Danes (the Vikings) invade England. Mixed with Anglo-Saxons. The mix of Anglo-Saxon and Norse = Old English.

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Alfred the Great became King and united the Anglo-Saxons.

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The Vikings and King Alfred agreed to a treaty. Because of this agreement, over 1,000 new words were added to English from the Vikings.

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William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, Invades Britain. Norman French becomes the official language of the state while the language of the people is English.
This is the beginning of the transition from Old English to Middle English. **Huge impact on our language**
For 300 years no English king spoke English.

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Mix of French and Old English

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The Black Plague arrives in England and kills roughly 1/3 of the population.

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Edward III takes control. English is the official language of the state.

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Books were written in English, including Canterbury Tales.

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Henry V becomes the first English King to write in Middle English.

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The Printing Press is invented by William Caxton.

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The Renaissance reaches England. English borrows from Latin and Greek. 10,000-12,000 new English words. William Caxton begins printing English so more people learned English.

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Long vowels shift upwards and are pronounced differently, higher in the mouth. Shifted before Modern English occured in Southern England. This had a profound effect on English in regards to pronunciation and spelling. This led to changes in the correspondences between vowel letters and vowel phonemes.

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International trade increased the number of words used from other cultures.

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Queen Elizabeth l and Shakespeare wrote in Modern English. Shakespeare contributes many words to English. Some examples are: assassination, bump, lonely.

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The King James Bible Published. This influenced many phrases such as, "apple of his eye" and "salt of the earth".

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Samuel Johnson wrote the first comprehensive dictionary of English.

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Noah Webster compiles the dictionary of American English.